What Is the Difference Between a City and a Settlement

Damascus, in ancient Syria, is said to have been inhabited by perhaps 9000 B.C., however, it wasnt a city before the third or second millennium B.C. Though settlements often predate writing, there seem to be many substantial differences between early settlements and cities. Settlements, in this context, are part of a stage after the hunter-gatherers, who are generally characterized as nomadic. The stage of the hunter-gatherers also precedes subsistence on farming, a normally settled style of life. Early Cities and Settlements The earliest cities are believed to have started in the Mesopotamian  area of the Ancient Near East by the fifth millennium B.C. (Uruk and Ur) or in Catal Huyuk in Anatolia in the 8th century B.C. Early settlements tended to have very small populations, only a few families, and they worked cooperatively to make all or almost all they required to survive. Individuals had their chosen or  given  tasks to perform, but with the small population numbers, all hands were welcome and valued. Gradually, the trade would have evolved, along with exogamous marriage with other settlements. Between settlements and cities are increasingly urban communities of various sizes, like villages and towns, with a city sometimes defined as a large town. Lewis Mumford, a twentieth-century historian, and sociologist  traces settlements even further back: Before the city there was the hamlet and the shrine and the village: before the village, the camp, the cache, the cave, the cairn; and before all these there was a disposition to social life that man plainly shares with many other animal species.​—Lewis Mumford Differentiating a City From a Settlement Besides having a substantial and often dense population, a city—as an urban area—can be characterized as having food distribution and supply setups, with food produced beyond the densely inhabited regions—in the country. This is part of a larger economic picture. Since the denizens of the city do not grow all (or any of) their own food, hunt their own game, or herd their own flocks, there must be ways and structures to transport, distribute, and store food—like the pottery storage vessels. Archaeologists and art historians use these in ascribing dates, and there is specialization and division of labor. Record keeping becomes important. Luxury goods and trading increase. In general, people do not readily surrender their accumulations of goods to the nearest marauding band or wild wolves. They prefer to find ways to defend themselves. Walls (and other monumental structures) become a feature of many ancient cities. The acropolises of ancient Greek city-states (poleis; sg. polis) were walled high places selected for their ability to provide defense, although, confusing issues, the polis itself included not just the urban area with its acropolis, but the surrounding countryside. Source Peter S. Wells,  anthropology class, the University of Minnesota,  2013

The American Dream Is It a Reality - 1890 Words

Is The American Dream Just A Dream? I think that the American Dream is a social ideal based on equality in social, political and economic rights and privileges. The constitution of this country suggests that every person who lives on American soil is free. In the United States Declaration of Independence our founding fathers:Â…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. I consider these words to be the foundation of the American Dream. Over time, however, the American dream has been defined with America being the Land of opportunity, Home of the free, land of the brave,†¦show more content†¦Americans face problems such as unemployment675678546765!!!!!!!! I found the following statistics that support my belief that the American Dream is not accessible to all. The American Dream is a fantasy that has not come true for the millions that are toiling in the system hoping to get a piece of the wealth which America so liberally shares with its rich upper class. Mansions, expensive cars, a happy family and of course lots of money. These images adorn the minds of the less privileged of this nation. So why do people continue trying to reach the American dream? I think its because it happens often enough, there are people who have been successful in their pursuit. But the American Dream has been achieved through a number of other means, many of which do not necessarily involve hard work. Some just has to do with ggod luck or timing, for example, as in hitting real estate booms or stock market increases at the right time. Favorable contracts are another, as in those negotiated for workers by powerful unions and include high wages and extensive benefits. Legislative action is a third way, as in those sectors of society that disproportionately benefit from changes in tax laws or zoning ordinances. And, of course, unearned income, like when people work off the books and dont report their earnings or deal drugs.Show MoreRelatedThe American Dream And The Reality Of The American Dream931 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica, land of dreams, is home to the world’s largest immigrant population. Why do so many want to come to America? It may be because of the employment opportunities, or reunification with family members, or the many rights and freedoms that Americans have. But a large part of immigration to America is due to the American Dream, the belief that every US citizen has an equal opportunity to achieve success through hard work and determination. The concept of the American Dream was recognized as earlyRead MoreThe American Dream And The Black American Reality908 Words   |  4 Pagesideals of the American Dream through her chara cters: Walter, who embodies the quest for an opportunity for prosperity, Beneatha who wants the freedom to be herself and embrace her African heritage, and Lena (Mama) who buys a home in a white neighborhood pushing the boundaries of social mobility during that time. The Youngers are in a state of poverty, because of this as suggested by Lloyd Brown â€Å"their deprivations expose the gap between the American Dream and the Black American reality† (241). HoweverRead MoreThe American Dream : The Reality Of America860 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica throughout time has been known as a country for opportunity and freedom, where anyone can come and have a fair chance at living their â€Å"American Dream.† The stereotypical American dream is having a two parent family, with stable income, owning a home with a white picket fence with two children. But the reality of America is that this â€Å"dream† is achieved more easily by white men. Even though America is supposed ly â€Å"The land of the free† and provides â€Å"Liberty and Justice for all†, these statementsRead MoreIs The American Dream A False Reality?1240 Words   |  5 PagesMike Jacobie Mrs. Fagle-Fedele English 11 15, March, 2016 Is the American dream a false reality? In Lorraine Hansberrys book A Raison in the Sun, we experienced the dreams of the charactors. As we bounce around from charactor to charactor, we learn that their dreams can be attainable and realistic. 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Although we all have the same ideology of what the definition of what the American Dream is, we can all come up with a different meaning, each one more personal to ourselves than to others. As we will see with the help of three different authors, regardless of age, race, sexuality, religion, or social status, we could possibly agree on the idea of the American Dream falling short and being a false sense of reality for manyRead MoreLangston Hughes : The American Dream And Southern Migration With The Reality Of Prejudice2931 Words   |  12 Pagesone of the greatest writers in American Literature to this day. This achievement is due to his thought provoking use of certain styles and techniques to portray his main themes and ideas. Many of Langston Hughes’ themes originated from his personal feelings and experiences. Hughes thus centers his themes around the ups and downs of African Americans living in America during his time. Langston Hughes contrasts the American Dream and northern migration with the reality of prejudice against Negroes

Music in Our Everyday Lives free essay sample

People listen to It In the car, while grocery shopping, in the movies, at home, and practically anywhere else possible. There are many different types and styles of music, the most influential being Hip-Hop/Rap music, followed by Rock and Roll. Music is often a mood-altering device used to make the listener feel a sense of belonging, happiness, or sorrow. The different genres of music can be used to describe a certain group of people, whether it be by clothing, style, attitude, or sometimes ones social class.Hip-Hop/Rap music Is believed to have he most influence on the way a listener of that genre, acts and carries on their life. (Loomed 244) Music is more than a sound. Its a way of life, a way of expressing ones Inner emotions, feelings and thoughts. Many songs express deep emotions Like anger, sadness, love and happiness. The words of a song can express feelings thoroughly, therefore giving the youth of todays society a concept to grasp, as they begin to relate their lives to the works of their favorites musicians Our first reliable music records came from the Romans. We will write a custom essay sample on Music in Our Everyday Lives or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Americans musical history is very short when marred toucan, India, Africa, and China. Music wasnt written down and recorded until around roughly 590-604 A. D. When the earliest musicians began to make records and notes, the first songs appear as biblical music, most likely used in churches and holy practices (Cigarillos/Schemes 391). Music varies greatly around the world; mostly because of the diverse culture of the areas music Is most prominent around the world.Africans culture is very different from that of Americas; therefore the musical influences and styles are much different. Music has become Increasingly popular with the youth of America during the past fifty years. Teenagers are constantly looking for a sense of belonging in the world, and music can often be a healthy escape, often trying deferent types of music, before one claims loyalty too certain genre, Hip-Hop/Rap music Is one of the most Influential categories of music.The lyrical works of most rap artists are often full of emotion, touching on such feelings of extreme hatred, anger, and aggravation. Such topics are the reason many upper class Individuals shy away from the genre of hip-hop and rap music. A wealthy individual will not be blasting the newest rap music out of their car, as they look for something with a little more class, melody, and meaning. The children of these individuals also will not be exposed to this category of music, therefore losing more listeners.There are many people who believe rap is a negative influence, these individuals also work towards the censorship of this category as well. (Du Never 239) The Inner cities, as well as poverty stricken Individuals, are whom rap music tends to appeal the most to. These individuals find comfort in the whole extravagant scene hat is rap music. Rap music is targeted at teenagers; it is also the highest selling category of music around today, the street smart lyrics, give some a false sense of toughness, as well as street smarts.This often gets these same teenagers into trouble with their peers, family, and the law. Which brings up the argument that rap music has a huge negative effect on the impressionable youth of todays society. (Cigarillos;scheme 1 71) The Punk-Rockers or Indies underground scene is one of the most tightly knit communities that have ever been created. Thousands of bands river by the fact that they can get kids to come out to their shows, and through music, enlighten them to become a more prosperous and well rounded person.In the underground music scene, bands sometimes will not even have enough money to rent a cheap hotel for a night to catch up on sleep, as well as bathe, certain kids from the area the band has played last will offer them food, a hot shower, as well as a place to sleep that night. (Greenland 141) This would never be possible in the underground rap scene. The Tightness of the Indies scene is one that has been a season for the success of many bands that have worked their way to the top. Hollowware is a band that has recently found huge success with their last album Ocean Avenue.The reason this band had so much initial support and record sales for their album, was because of the undergrounds love for this band. A certain website called Absoluteness. Net was one of the biggest reasons this band found success in huge numbers the way that they were able to do so. (Du Never 119) This further shows the way todays underground scene is one of the tightest there has ever been. There are many different noticeable ways in which the type of music a person listens to, ties into their daily activities. The most prominent is clothing style, as well as physical appearance.The Punk-Rock/Memo teenager, has a certain type of dress that often involves a few of the following things, hair that is short in back but long in front, or hair that is multi colored and long, a certain fondness of facial piercing, as well as extremely tight Jeans and shirts proclaiming their loyalty to a certain band or record label. (Greenland 38) The genre of Hip-Hop/Rap music is also one with certain tales that only a fan of this type of music would be seen wearing. Gold Chains, Baggy Pants, and shirts that are extremely oversized are all styles specifically centered on the genre. Loomed 104) Speech is another category in which Hip-Hop/Rap music sometimes seems to invent a whole new way of doing business. Music Therapy is an up and coming technique, that is beginning to gain recognition as a widely accepted way of solving ones problems, mental or physical. (Hansen 9) Music therapy works towards specific therapeutic goals and objectives. The targeted area includes uncommunicative, academic, motor, emotional, and social skills. It is noted that, while clients may develop their musical skills during treatment, these skills are not the primary concern of the therapist.Rather it is the affect such musical development might have on the clients physical, psychological and socio-economical functioning. Some of the main goals in treating mentally ill and disabled patients are as follows: Improve self-esteem, Improve social interactions with peers, Increase participation in group centered games and activities, Promote reality orientation, Develop coping kills. Reduce stress and anxiety, Promote expression of feelings: verbal and non- verbal, Increase on-task behavior, Improve control over motor skills, and the Development of leisure activities.Perhaps the biggest goal music therapy has, is the task of developing creative self-expression. (Hansen 89) Music has a great deal of power over the human mindset, as well as personality, among others. The different genres of music are all very different, but tie into each other through similarities between listeners very well. The power of music is only now becoming evident, as ewe therapies and psychiatric procedures are being developed solely around music, though music can be used as a way to divided different types of people, it can be use d as an even greater way to bring people together, mentally and physically.

Selecting Guidelines Essay Example

Selecting Guidelines Essay In Michelle Mauldin’s essay â€Å"Oh the choices we make’’. She points out the problems involved in the process of textbook selection in public schools, this includes inadequate criteria guidelines, political interference and insufficient time for the selection process .She suggests a number of solutions namely putting in place explicit guidelines which will help to alleviate the problems. These solutions can be adapted to business owners, parents and others in the community. When operating a business, owners and management are inundated with different problems and at different levels. One problem   which this takes place is choosing appropriate personnel to manage the affairs of the business .When owners hire management level employees they usually have their own guidelines and criteria in place for selection. These guidelines although subjective to the owner may be objective to the employees that will be managed. A well developed human resource department will ensure that the criteria for personnel selection is contained in an explicitly defined policy which will be adhered to .They should ensure that all members of the department meet on a regular basis to evaluate the failure and success of all hired management personnel. In her essay Mauldin states that standards should include an easily understandable and workable checklist that contains items the whole group feels are relevant and important and once this checklist is established, it should be use d as s a guideline for all potential selections. We will write a custom essay sample on Selecting Guidelines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Selecting Guidelines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Selecting Guidelines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There should be a personal development plan for each manager and other employees in place to follow up on successes .Each persons progress should be evaluated to identify changes that should be implemented to improve on their success which will affect the business on a whole. Parents as well can benefit from this information. Many parents have little if any guidelines in place for raising their children In many societies parents and guardian allow their offspring freedom to select the types of enteratiment, friends and social places that they attend. As a result of misguidance many children especially teenagers end up as juvenile offenders. The Justice department reported that over 2.5 million juveniles are arrested each year in America and the center of Juvenile predicts a 300-400% increase in youth violence by 2010.Many of these children come from broken homes, have a lack of positive peers and positive influence and are raised in a culture with little morals and a violent environment which has now become epidemic. The Justice department also reports that nearly 1.5 million children have a mother or father in federal   state prison and of these children 1.38 million live in homes without their fathers. Parents and Guardians should ensure that they spend quality time with children and place guidelines in most, if not all aspects of their lives of course children should be allowed to choose their peers as they are the ones who will be affected and influenced by them. Parents should examine their morals and background as in her essay Maudlin suggests that the authors of the text used in schools should be properly scrutinsed.Their moral standings and credentials should be well known an established.Childrens progress in their school, community and their hobbies should be regularly evaluated. This will help children to attain good morals and develop into good citizens. Even though humans are exposed to different choices once correct and explicit guidelines are established and adhered to they can be assured that they are making the best choice possible.