What Is the Difference Between a City and a Settlement

Damascus, in ancient Syria, is said to have been inhabited by perhaps 9000 B.C., however, it wasnt a city before the third or second millennium B.C. Though settlements often predate writing, there seem to be many substantial differences between early settlements and cities. Settlements, in this context, are part of a stage after the hunter-gatherers, who are generally characterized as nomadic. The stage of the hunter-gatherers also precedes subsistence on farming, a normally settled style of life. Early Cities and Settlements The earliest cities are believed to have started in the Mesopotamian  area of the Ancient Near East by the fifth millennium B.C. (Uruk and Ur) or in Catal Huyuk in Anatolia in the 8th century B.C. Early settlements tended to have very small populations, only a few families, and they worked cooperatively to make all or almost all they required to survive. Individuals had their chosen or  given  tasks to perform, but with the small population numbers, all hands were welcome and valued. Gradually, the trade would have evolved, along with exogamous marriage with other settlements. Between settlements and cities are increasingly urban communities of various sizes, like villages and towns, with a city sometimes defined as a large town. Lewis Mumford, a twentieth-century historian, and sociologist  traces settlements even further back: Before the city there was the hamlet and the shrine and the village: before the village, the camp, the cache, the cave, the cairn; and before all these there was a disposition to social life that man plainly shares with many other animal species.​—Lewis Mumford Differentiating a City From a Settlement Besides having a substantial and often dense population, a city—as an urban area—can be characterized as having food distribution and supply setups, with food produced beyond the densely inhabited regions—in the country. This is part of a larger economic picture. Since the denizens of the city do not grow all (or any of) their own food, hunt their own game, or herd their own flocks, there must be ways and structures to transport, distribute, and store food—like the pottery storage vessels. Archaeologists and art historians use these in ascribing dates, and there is specialization and division of labor. Record keeping becomes important. Luxury goods and trading increase. In general, people do not readily surrender their accumulations of goods to the nearest marauding band or wild wolves. They prefer to find ways to defend themselves. Walls (and other monumental structures) become a feature of many ancient cities. The acropolises of ancient Greek city-states (poleis; sg. polis) were walled high places selected for their ability to provide defense, although, confusing issues, the polis itself included not just the urban area with its acropolis, but the surrounding countryside. Source Peter S. Wells,  anthropology class, the University of Minnesota,  2013

The American Dream Is It a Reality - 1890 Words

Is The American Dream Just A Dream? I think that the American Dream is a social ideal based on equality in social, political and economic rights and privileges. The constitution of this country suggests that every person who lives on American soil is free. In the United States Declaration of Independence our founding fathers:Â…held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. I consider these words to be the foundation of the American Dream. Over time, however, the American dream has been defined with America being the Land of opportunity, Home of the free, land of the brave,†¦show more content†¦Americans face problems such as unemployment675678546765!!!!!!!! I found the following statistics that support my belief that the American Dream is not accessible to all. The American Dream is a fantasy that has not come true for the millions that are toiling in the system hoping to get a piece of the wealth which America so liberally shares with its rich upper class. Mansions, expensive cars, a happy family and of course lots of money. These images adorn the minds of the less privileged of this nation. So why do people continue trying to reach the American dream? I think its because it happens often enough, there are people who have been successful in their pursuit. But the American Dream has been achieved through a number of other means, many of which do not necessarily involve hard work. Some just has to do with ggod luck or timing, for example, as in hitting real estate booms or stock market increases at the right time. Favorable contracts are another, as in those negotiated for workers by powerful unions and include high wages and extensive benefits. Legislative action is a third way, as in those sectors of society that disproportionately benefit from changes in tax laws or zoning ordinances. And, of course, unearned income, like when people work off the books and dont report their earnings or deal drugs.Show MoreRelatedThe American Dream And The Reality Of The American Dream931 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica, land of dreams, is home to the world’s largest immigrant population. Why do so many want to come to America? It may be because of the employment opportunities, or reunification with family members, or the many rights and freedoms that Americans have. But a large part of immigration to America is due to the American Dream, the belief that every US citizen has an equal opportunity to achieve success through hard work and determination. The concept of the American Dream was recognized as earlyRead MoreThe American Dream And The Black American Reality908 Words   |  4 Pagesideals of the American Dream through her chara cters: Walter, who embodies the quest for an opportunity for prosperity, Beneatha who wants the freedom to be herself and embrace her African heritage, and Lena (Mama) who buys a home in a white neighborhood pushing the boundaries of social mobility during that time. The Youngers are in a state of poverty, because of this as suggested by Lloyd Brown â€Å"their deprivations expose the gap between the American Dream and the Black American reality† (241). HoweverRead MoreThe American Dream : The Reality Of America860 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica throughout time has been known as a country for opportunity and freedom, where anyone can come and have a fair chance at living their â€Å"American Dream.† The stereotypical American dream is having a two parent family, with stable income, owning a home with a white picket fence with two children. But the reality of America is that this â€Å"dream† is achieved more easily by white men. Even though America is supposed ly â€Å"The land of the free† and provides â€Å"Liberty and Justice for all†, these statementsRead MoreIs The American Dream A False Reality?1240 Words   |  5 PagesMike Jacobie Mrs. Fagle-Fedele English 11 15, March, 2016 Is the American dream a false reality? In Lorraine Hansberrys book A Raison in the Sun, we experienced the dreams of the charactors. As we bounce around from charactor to charactor, we learn that their dreams can be attainable and realistic. We also learned what can help nurture a dream as well as what can impede a dream. Lena Younger also known as Mama is the matriarch of the family. she is religious, moral, and maternalRead MoreThe American Dream And Its Reality For Minority Americans903 Words   |  4 Pagesof Jamestown and Plymouth colonies to modern times, Americans have always been determined to improve themselves both economically and socially. Even today, we are attempting to make society better by extending marriage rights to homosexuals and arguing the merits of flying the Confederate Battle flag over government buildings in non-historical situations. At the same time, concerns such as the impact of the Greek economic collapse on American business and the long-term cost of the Office of PersonnelRead MoreThe American Dream And Perception Vs. Reality2236 Words   |  9 PagesRebekah Griffin Ms. Hunt English 3/ 5th period 5 March 2015 Outline Hook: â€Å"That’s why it’s called the American Dream, because you have to be asleep to believe it† (George Carlin). Thesis Statement: In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses Jay Gatsby to exemplify the themes of the American dream and perception vs. reality. Historical Context Topic Sentence #1: Fitzgerald was inspired to write The Great Gatsby by his own life and ideas. Supporting Detail: Fitzgerald enjoyed the showinessRead MoreThe Awakening Of The American Dream : The Reality Concealed By Paradise2477 Words   |  10 PagesThe awakening of the American dream: The reality concealed by paradise The American dream is an ideology that has been around, known, and praised for a long time. It is an aspiration many long to achieve and protect with their lives. A story that has been written out for us and embed in our minds. As children, we begin school and are taught the pledge of allegiance and how important it is for everyone to take a moment to praise and thank what the nation for what it has to offer. We rise and holdRead MoreEssay about The False Reality of the American Dream in the Great Gatsby1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe False Reality of the American Dream in the Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a novel that has a large focus on the ideas of the American Dream and social class in the 1920s. In the novel, the people of West Egg and East Egg are people of the upper who have earned money either through inheritance or working hard and have had many opportunities to make their American Dream a reality. The people of the Valley of Ashes are people of lower class who have little to no money andRead MoreThe American Dream Falling Short And Being A False Sense Of Reality1536 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is American Dream? What does it mean to you? What does it mean to me? Although we all have the same ideology of what the definition of what the American Dream is, we can all come up with a different meaning, each one more personal to ourselves than to others. As we will see with the help of three different authors, regardless of age, race, sexuality, religion, or social status, we could possibly agree on the idea of the American Dream falling short and being a false sense of reality for manyRead MoreLangston Hughes : The American Dream And Southern Migration With The Reality Of Prejudice2931 Words   |  12 Pagesone of the greatest writers in American Literature to this day. This achievement is due to his thought provoking use of certain styles and techniques to portray his main themes and ideas. Many of Langston Hughes’ themes originated from his personal feelings and experiences. Hughes thus centers his themes around the ups and downs of African Americans living in America during his time. Langston Hughes contrasts the American Dream and northern migration with the reality of prejudice against Negroes

Music in Our Everyday Lives free essay sample

People listen to It In the car, while grocery shopping, in the movies, at home, and practically anywhere else possible. There are many different types and styles of music, the most influential being Hip-Hop/Rap music, followed by Rock and Roll. Music is often a mood-altering device used to make the listener feel a sense of belonging, happiness, or sorrow. The different genres of music can be used to describe a certain group of people, whether it be by clothing, style, attitude, or sometimes ones social class.Hip-Hop/Rap music Is believed to have he most influence on the way a listener of that genre, acts and carries on their life. (Loomed 244) Music is more than a sound. Its a way of life, a way of expressing ones Inner emotions, feelings and thoughts. Many songs express deep emotions Like anger, sadness, love and happiness. The words of a song can express feelings thoroughly, therefore giving the youth of todays society a concept to grasp, as they begin to relate their lives to the works of their favorites musicians Our first reliable music records came from the Romans. We will write a custom essay sample on Music in Our Everyday Lives or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Americans musical history is very short when marred toucan, India, Africa, and China. Music wasnt written down and recorded until around roughly 590-604 A. D. When the earliest musicians began to make records and notes, the first songs appear as biblical music, most likely used in churches and holy practices (Cigarillos/Schemes 391). Music varies greatly around the world; mostly because of the diverse culture of the areas music Is most prominent around the world.Africans culture is very different from that of Americas; therefore the musical influences and styles are much different. Music has become Increasingly popular with the youth of America during the past fifty years. Teenagers are constantly looking for a sense of belonging in the world, and music can often be a healthy escape, often trying deferent types of music, before one claims loyalty too certain genre, Hip-Hop/Rap music Is one of the most Influential categories of music.The lyrical works of most rap artists are often full of emotion, touching on such feelings of extreme hatred, anger, and aggravation. Such topics are the reason many upper class Individuals shy away from the genre of hip-hop and rap music. A wealthy individual will not be blasting the newest rap music out of their car, as they look for something with a little more class, melody, and meaning. The children of these individuals also will not be exposed to this category of music, therefore losing more listeners.There are many people who believe rap is a negative influence, these individuals also work towards the censorship of this category as well. (Du Never 239) The Inner cities, as well as poverty stricken Individuals, are whom rap music tends to appeal the most to. These individuals find comfort in the whole extravagant scene hat is rap music. Rap music is targeted at teenagers; it is also the highest selling category of music around today, the street smart lyrics, give some a false sense of toughness, as well as street smarts.This often gets these same teenagers into trouble with their peers, family, and the law. Which brings up the argument that rap music has a huge negative effect on the impressionable youth of todays society. (Cigarillos;scheme 1 71) The Punk-Rockers or Indies underground scene is one of the most tightly knit communities that have ever been created. Thousands of bands river by the fact that they can get kids to come out to their shows, and through music, enlighten them to become a more prosperous and well rounded person.In the underground music scene, bands sometimes will not even have enough money to rent a cheap hotel for a night to catch up on sleep, as well as bathe, certain kids from the area the band has played last will offer them food, a hot shower, as well as a place to sleep that night. (Greenland 141) This would never be possible in the underground rap scene. The Tightness of the Indies scene is one that has been a season for the success of many bands that have worked their way to the top. Hollowware is a band that has recently found huge success with their last album Ocean Avenue.The reason this band had so much initial support and record sales for their album, was because of the undergrounds love for this band. A certain website called Absoluteness. Net was one of the biggest reasons this band found success in huge numbers the way that they were able to do so. (Du Never 119) This further shows the way todays underground scene is one of the tightest there has ever been. There are many different noticeable ways in which the type of music a person listens to, ties into their daily activities. The most prominent is clothing style, as well as physical appearance.The Punk-Rock/Memo teenager, has a certain type of dress that often involves a few of the following things, hair that is short in back but long in front, or hair that is multi colored and long, a certain fondness of facial piercing, as well as extremely tight Jeans and shirts proclaiming their loyalty to a certain band or record label. (Greenland 38) The genre of Hip-Hop/Rap music is also one with certain tales that only a fan of this type of music would be seen wearing. Gold Chains, Baggy Pants, and shirts that are extremely oversized are all styles specifically centered on the genre. Loomed 104) Speech is another category in which Hip-Hop/Rap music sometimes seems to invent a whole new way of doing business. Music Therapy is an up and coming technique, that is beginning to gain recognition as a widely accepted way of solving ones problems, mental or physical. (Hansen 9) Music therapy works towards specific therapeutic goals and objectives. The targeted area includes uncommunicative, academic, motor, emotional, and social skills. It is noted that, while clients may develop their musical skills during treatment, these skills are not the primary concern of the therapist.Rather it is the affect such musical development might have on the clients physical, psychological and socio-economical functioning. Some of the main goals in treating mentally ill and disabled patients are as follows: Improve self-esteem, Improve social interactions with peers, Increase participation in group centered games and activities, Promote reality orientation, Develop coping kills. Reduce stress and anxiety, Promote expression of feelings: verbal and non- verbal, Increase on-task behavior, Improve control over motor skills, and the Development of leisure activities.Perhaps the biggest goal music therapy has, is the task of developing creative self-expression. (Hansen 89) Music has a great deal of power over the human mindset, as well as personality, among others. The different genres of music are all very different, but tie into each other through similarities between listeners very well. The power of music is only now becoming evident, as ewe therapies and psychiatric procedures are being developed solely around music, though music can be used as a way to divided different types of people, it can be use d as an even greater way to bring people together, mentally and physically.

Selecting Guidelines Essay Example

Selecting Guidelines Essay In Michelle Mauldin’s essay â€Å"Oh the choices we make’’. She points out the problems involved in the process of textbook selection in public schools, this includes inadequate criteria guidelines, political interference and insufficient time for the selection process .She suggests a number of solutions namely putting in place explicit guidelines which will help to alleviate the problems. These solutions can be adapted to business owners, parents and others in the community. When operating a business, owners and management are inundated with different problems and at different levels. One problem   which this takes place is choosing appropriate personnel to manage the affairs of the business .When owners hire management level employees they usually have their own guidelines and criteria in place for selection. These guidelines although subjective to the owner may be objective to the employees that will be managed. A well developed human resource department will ensure that the criteria for personnel selection is contained in an explicitly defined policy which will be adhered to .They should ensure that all members of the department meet on a regular basis to evaluate the failure and success of all hired management personnel. In her essay Mauldin states that standards should include an easily understandable and workable checklist that contains items the whole group feels are relevant and important and once this checklist is established, it should be use d as s a guideline for all potential selections. We will write a custom essay sample on Selecting Guidelines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Selecting Guidelines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Selecting Guidelines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There should be a personal development plan for each manager and other employees in place to follow up on successes .Each persons progress should be evaluated to identify changes that should be implemented to improve on their success which will affect the business on a whole. Parents as well can benefit from this information. Many parents have little if any guidelines in place for raising their children In many societies parents and guardian allow their offspring freedom to select the types of enteratiment, friends and social places that they attend. As a result of misguidance many children especially teenagers end up as juvenile offenders. The Justice department reported that over 2.5 million juveniles are arrested each year in America and the center of Juvenile predicts a 300-400% increase in youth violence by 2010.Many of these children come from broken homes, have a lack of positive peers and positive influence and are raised in a culture with little morals and a violent environment which has now become epidemic. The Justice department also reports that nearly 1.5 million children have a mother or father in federal   state prison and of these children 1.38 million live in homes without their fathers. Parents and Guardians should ensure that they spend quality time with children and place guidelines in most, if not all aspects of their lives of course children should be allowed to choose their peers as they are the ones who will be affected and influenced by them. Parents should examine their morals and background as in her essay Maudlin suggests that the authors of the text used in schools should be properly scrutinsed.Their moral standings and credentials should be well known an established.Childrens progress in their school, community and their hobbies should be regularly evaluated. This will help children to attain good morals and develop into good citizens. Even though humans are exposed to different choices once correct and explicit guidelines are established and adhered to they can be assured that they are making the best choice possible.

Legalizacion del aborto

Legalizacion del aborto Esquema argumentativo:LegalizaciÂÆ'Â ³n del abortoPregunta‚Â ¿Se debe legalizar una ley del aborto en casos de violaciÂÆ'Â ³n en nuestro paÂÆ'Â ­s?Posturas ante la polÂÆ'Â ©micaSi se debe legalizar la ley del abortoA1.- Evitar embarazos no deseados por violaciÂÆ'Â ³n: A nivel mundial, la primera experiencia sexual de las niÂÆ'Â ±as de las calles entre 10 y 14 aÂÆ'Â ±os es por violaciÂÆ'Â ³n. En Ecuador, el 69% de niÂÆ'Â ±as entre 10 y 15 aÂÆ'Â ±os han sufrido algÂÆ'Â ºn tipo de violencia de gÂÆ'Â ©nero, especialmente violencia sexual. Significa que las niÂÆ'Â ±as son violentadas en la casa, la escuela o en sus propias comunidades". "Sobre el embarazo adolescente, en los ÂÆ'Â ºltimos 20 aÂÆ'Â ±os los partos existentes en adolescentes han crecido en un 80% (Datos_del_Ministerio_de_Cordinacion_de_desarrollo, 2013)A2.- Evitar muertes a causa de abortos clandestinos: Se estima que en el paÂÆ'Â ­s se realizan 95.000 abortos al aÂÆ'Â ±o, de los cuales solo 200 son legales. Cada dÂÆ'Â ­a 260 mujeres deciden abortar y el hecho de no poder acceder a abortos seguros y legales las pone en situaciones de vulnerabilidad, riesgo y en muchos casos las expone a la muerte. (Ministerio_de_Salud_PÂÆ'Â ºblica_del_Ecuador)En Ecuador el aborto es un problema de salud pÂÆ'Â ºblica, pues el 18% de muertes son causadas por abortos clandestinos, constituyÂÆ'Â ©ndose en la segunda causa de mortalidad materna en el paÂÆ'Â ­s. (Fundacion_EducaciÂÆ'Â ³n_para_la_salud_reproductiva_(E.S.A.R.),Ben in Ecuador2012)A3.- La ley debe contener un amplio marco legal como ha sido establecido en 55 paÂÆ'Â ­ses donde se permite el aborto a base de fundamentos legales amplios, la ley usualmente estipula algunas condiciones como, por ejemplo, lÂÆ'Â ­mites de gestaciÂÆ'Â ³n, indicaciÂÆ'Â ³n, perÂÆ'Â ­odos de espera, requisitos de consentimiento, y restricciones. (Redaccion_Abortos, 2009)No se debe legalizar el abortoA1.- Se teme que el aborto caus e daÂÆ'Â ±os fÂÆ'Â ­sicos y emocionales a la mujer: Son innumerables las dificultades que se tienen para valorar adecuadamente los efectos psicopatolÂÆ'Â ³gicos...

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Quotations

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Quotations Johann Wolfgang von Goethe  (1749–1832) was a prolific German poet and writer. Within his body of work are many quotes (zitate, in German) that are now famous bits of wisdom passed down through the generations. A number of these have also influenced other popular musings and sage advice. Among Goethes best-known lines are those below. Many come from published books of the poets work while a few are from personal correspondence. Here, we will explore them in both their original German as well as the English translations. One of the Best-Known Goethe Quotes Man sieht nur das, was man weiß. English Translation:  You only see what you know. Goethe From"Die Wahlverwandtschaften" Die Wahlverwandtschaften (Elective Affinities) was Goethes third novel published in 1809. Glà ¼cklicherweise kann der Mensch nur einen gewissen Grad des Unglà ¼cks fassen; was darà ¼ber hinausgeht, vernichtet ihn oder lßt ihn gleichgà ¼ltig. English Translation: Fortunately, people can comprehend only a certain degree of misfortune; anything beyond that either destroys them or leaves them indifferent. Goethe From "Maximen und Reflexionen" Maximen und Reflexionen (Maxims and Reflections) is a collection of Goethes writings published posthumously in 1833. Der Alte verliert eines der grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸ten Menschenrechte: er wird nicht mehr von seines Gleichen beurteilt. English Translation: An old man loses one of the most important rights of man: he is no longer judged by his peers. Es ist nichts schrecklicher als eine ttige Unwissenheit. English Translation: Theres nothing worse than ignorance in action. Goethe to Eckermann, 1830 Goethe and fellow poet Johann Peter Eckermann regularly corresponded with one another. This comes from a 1830 letter to Eckermann. Napoleon gibt uns ein Beispiel, wie gefhrlich es sei, sich ins Absolute zu erheben und alles der Ausfà ¼hrung einer Idee zu opfern. English Translation: Napoleon provides us an example of how dangerous it is to be elevated to the absolute and to sacrifice everything to implement an idea. Goethe From "Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre" Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (Wilhelm Meisters Journeyman Years) is the third in a series of books written by Goethe. It was first published in 1821, then revised and republished in 1829. Unter allem Diebesgesindel sind die Narren die schlimmsten. Sie rauben euch beides, Zeit und Stimmung. English Translation: Of all the thieving riff-raff, fools are the worst. They steal both your time and your good mood. Das Leben gehà ¶rt den Lebenden an, und wer lebt, muss auf Wechsel gefasst sein. English Translation: Life belongs to the living, and those who live must be prepared for change. Es gibt keine patriotische Kunst und keine patriotische Wissenschaft. Beide gehà ¶ren, wie alles hohe Gute, der ganzen Welt an... English Translation: There is no patriotic art and no patriotic science. Both belong, like all high good, to the whole world... Goethe From"Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre" Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship) is the second volume in Goethes famous series, published in 1795. Alles, was uns begegnet, lßt Spuren zurà ¼ck. Alles trgt unmerklich zu unserer Bildung bei. English Translation: Everything we encounter leaves traces behind. Everything contributes imperceptibly to our education. Die beste Bildung findet ein gescheiter Mensch auf Reisen. English Translation: The best education for a clever person is found in travel. Goethe From "Sprichwà ¶rtlich" The following are small excerpts from Goethes poem Sprichwà ¶rtlich (Proverbial). Zwischen heut und morgenliegt eine lange Frist.Lerne schnell besorgen,Da du noch munter bist. English Translation: Between today and tomorrowlies a long time.Learn quickly to take care of thingswhile youre still fit. Tu nur das Rechte in deinen Sachen;Das andre wird sich von selber machen. English Translation: Just do the right thing in your affairs;The rest will take care of itself. Goethe From "Reineke Fuchs" Reineke Fuchs is a 12-song epic written by Goethe in 1793. Besser laufen, als faulen. English Translation: Better to run than to rot. Goethe From "Hermann und Dorothea" Hermann and Dorothea is one of Goethes epic poems published in 1796. Wer nicht vorwrts geht, der kommt zurà ¼cke. English Translation: If youre not going forward, youre going backward. Goethe From "Faust I (Vorspiel auf dem Theater)" Faust I is a collection of Goethes work and when combined with Faust II, the two span 60 years of the poets artistic writings. Vorspiel auf dem Theater (Prelude on the Theater) is one poem examining the conflicts of drama and theater. Was glnzt, ist fà ¼r den Augenblick geboren,Das Echte bleibt der Nachwelt unverloren. English Translation: That which glitters is born for the moment;The genuine remains intact for future days.

The difference between Strategy and Management Research Paper

The difference between Strategy and Management - Research Paper Example The paper tells that there are some core functions of management, which are planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. These functions completely explain the concept of management. Management starts from planning. Plan is made according to the goals. Plan provides manager with a way to achieve the goal within the required time and resources. The time and cost schedules are prepared in accordance with the plan prepared. After the plan is made, the manager accumulates the resources required to accomplish the goal. This occurs in the stage of organizing. Either in-house resources are utilized or the resources are outsourced depending upon which of the two proves more convenient in terms of cost and accessibility. Staffing is basically linked to the stage of organizing. The difference between the two stages is that in organizing, non-human resources are accumulated whereas in staffing, human resources are accumulated. This is the stage in which the manager advertises the jo bs and recruits. The manager chooses the process of recruitment from among a myriad of options that include but are not limited to face-to-face interviewing, telephone interviewing and tests. Once the employees have been recruited, the manager needs to lead them. Leadership and management are to much an extent, the same concepts. Every leader is a manager but every manager may not necessarily be the leader. A leader is somebody who makes independent decisions and makes sure that the needs of followers are met which is basically management. Even the lowest employee in the organization structure is a manager as he/she is supposed to manage his/her work, but he/she might not have anybody under him to lead. However, managers usually are leaders as well. In the stage of leading, the manager makes decisions and provides the followers with the necessary resources to make it practicable for them to follow his/her decision. The manager also develops a hierarchical system wherein every employ ee is assigned a specific level. The last stage of management is of controlling. Controlling is a process of evaluation of the existing systems with an intention to identify the loopholes so that they can be eradicated and the efficiency of system can be improved as a whole. New plans are made and implemented for continual improvement of the system. Strategy is basically the efficiency of a manager and his/her capability to display optimal performance in each of the aforementioned functions of management. Strategic thinking can be defined as â€Å". . . using analogies and qualitative similarities to develop creative new ideas . . . (and) designing actions on the basis of new learning† (Stacey, 1992). Mintzberg (1994) defines strategic thinking as a specific way of thinking that has well defined and clear characteristics. The strategy aligns a manager’s efforts with the goals and enables him/her to work in such a way that maximizes the chances of success and minimizes the threats. If properly developed and employed, the strategy enables a manager to not only minimize the risks, but also convert those left into opportunities. While management has always been there, strategy has gained more emphasis in successful management in the contemporary age as the competition in market has increased and newer and innovative ways of business are surfacing. Over the decades, people have become more conscious about the health and safety of all living beings and the protection of the environment. Media has played a very important role in raising such concerns and creating such awareness. This has led managers to be more cautious in the selection of their plans to achieve their goals. Critics evaluate the actions of managers according to their negative

The Baptism Debate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Baptism Debate - Research Paper Example One such area of difference is the meaning and importance of baptism. That is, various denominations approach ideas related to baptism differently. Some individuals, for example, do not recognize any significance of baptism. This paper explores certain debatable issues surrounding baptism. Specifically, the paper addresses merits of baptism, eligibility of an individual for baptism, and correct biblical mode of baptism. Outline of the Paper While exploring the concept of baptism among believers, the paper identifies some debatable aspects of baptism. The areas include significance of baptism, children baptism, and correct biblical mode of baptism. Since the paper is an argumentative paper, both proposing and opposing sides of the areas are discussed in the paper. This paper begins by exploring the meaning and understanding of baptism. This section outlines how baptism is important to believers. The paper further identifies merits of baptism to Baptists, individuals who believe in exi stence and usefulness of baptism. While discussing baptism of children, the paper begins by highlighting reasons used by individuals who oppose infant baptism. Those who are in favor of the issue are later discussed in the paper. ... In addition, it emerged that the Bible does not clearly support children baptism. Moreover, the Bible supports baptism by immersion. Meaning of Baptism Baptism is an outward symbol of an individual’s inner transformation.4 The entire process of baptism is achieved through the power and strength of Jesus. It is important to note that baptism is not about overcoming sin, but is about repenting past sins. In other words, baptism involves making up your mind that you want to overcome sin by allowing God to give strength and victory. Through baptism, Apostle Paul argues that Christians embrace importance of Jesus’ death and resurrection.5 That is, Christians symbolically undergo similar experiences that Jesus went through in His death, burial, and resurrection. Apostle Paul further clarifies that while Jesus physically died and resurrected, Christians die to their sins, self, and old ways. Resurrection to Christians, therefore, implies that an individual, after baptism, rise s again to a holy life through Jesus Christ. As Romans 6:8-12 say, â€Å"Now if we died with Christ, we believe that we also live with Him. For we know that since Jesus was raised from the dead, he cannot die again.†¦.In the same way, count yourself dead to sin but alive to God in Christ Jesus.† Apart from the message to Romans, Apostle Paul also informs Corinthians about importance of baptism to Christians. In II Corinthians 5:17 Paul says, â€Å"Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; the old has gone, the new creation has come.† Therefore, after baptism, an individual is holy and sin no longer reigns over him. The verse implies that sin has to â€Å"die† and be â€Å"passed away† from an individual so that Jesus completely occupy an individual’s life. The verse does not,

Response to Intervention Essay Example for Free

Response to Intervention Essay â€Å"Of all forms of mental activity, the most difficult to induce even in the minds of the young, who may be presumed not to have lost their flexibility, is the art of handling the same bundle of data as before, but placing them in a new system of relations with one another by giving them a different framework, all of which virtually means putting on a different kind of thinking-cap for the moment. It is easy to teach anybody a new fact†¦but it needs light from heaven above to enable a teacher to break the old framework in which the student is accustomed to seeing. † Arthur Koestler Twenty-first century educational institutions are on a research journey exploring continued models, theories, plans, strategies and so much more to bring resolve to the problems facing our schools. Many schools are facing the ills of low performance and a decline in meeting Adequate Yearly Progress. Plans and studies to improve schools academic performance are on the rise. School leadership and districts continue to explore and search for the perfect research based model that will pull them up and out of the pit of despair to a maximum and successful learning community where students master learning through engaged instructional practices. An alternative to classroom learning experiences evolving on the educational scene is Response to Intervention (RTI). Response to Intervention refers to the many ways created to assist teachers in implementing instruction through new and improved activities that will redirect low performance to successful outcomes. This program was birthed years ago out the policies established from No Child Left Behind. Response to Intervention (RTI) is a researched based model used by school systems all over the country to deter academic and behavioral failure in the educational system. Through the engagement of ‘scientifically based instructional practices’, students embrace the enhanced intervention strategies that allow them to explore educational skills with a confidence that bring successful outcomes. Response to Intervention was created to intercept the struggling performance of student at the risk of academic and/or behavioral failure. Through early detection of specific skills deficiencies, students are identified and immediate assessments are administered. Diagnosis of these deficient skills allows teachers to structure instruction to meet the specific needs of students. Strategic plans are developed to target skills deficiency and an alternative instructional plan is created. The purpose of Response to Intervention is early detection and identification of learning concerns of students and the development of an individualized plan that addresses the appropriate prescription for resolving the students’ academic or behavioral issue. In our twenty-first century learning communities, students are required to participate and are engaged in educational activities that may challenge their ability to grasp the concept in manners conducive to their learning styles. Schools are challenged to examine their methods of instruction to meet the needs of all children making them successful in all areas of academic content. A quality school is a place where students learn to think and apply knowledge to new situations, where students are involved in and excited about their learning, where students make individual gains in process and knowledge, where adults know they care about individual students, where students develop ‘I can’ attitudes and efficacy about learning, and where the type of learning that occurs prepares students for success after school (Gentry, 2006)† In our twenty-first century learning communities, administrative leadership promotes the success of its students by implementing research that is current and best practices. Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium Standard Two which states: A school administrator is an educational leader who promotes the success of all students by advocating, nurturing, and sustaining a school culture and instructional program conducive to student learning and staff professional growth. (ISLLC 2008: 2). † The application of RTI, promotes an intervention plan focused objectives that are measureable and growth results that are observed through weekly progress monitoring. The RTI model is a valuable asset to the educational community due to the programs â€Å"not specifically a special education eligibility tool, rather it is a data-based decision-making system that can be used for all students within the school. † (Wedl, 2005) The application of the various methods of scientific discoveries that support solutions to many of the educational concerns experienced by our students is imperative to their success and confidence. The following is a plan of action based on the Response to Intervention Model that will promote academic success for students lacking proficiency in their educational experiences. Students will be engaged in daily and weekly activities that will enhance their differentiated instruction. This plan is based on the specific features of the Response to Intervention Model that are crucial to the process of instruction. †¢ Tier Model 1, Problem Solving – during the application of this portion of the Response to Intervention Model, all students are engaged in instruction. Many of the academic needs of the students are met in this level. Approximately one hour and thirty minutes of direct core instruction is implemented. Teachers are engaged in developing base line data from student’s response to instruction. The data from student responses should indicate which students are responding below expected levels of proficiency and those students needing enrichment. †¢ Tier Model 2, Problem Solving – during the application of this portion of the Response to Intervention Model, every student may need the interventions of this Tier. Again, one hour and thirty minutes of direct instruction from the core curriculum instruction. An additional twenty to thirty minutes of intense instruction for targeted skills in a small group within the classroom setting. Daily and weekly progress monitoring is necessary to ensure mastery. †¢ Tier Model 3, Problem Solving – during the application of this portion of the Response to Intervention Model, students that show lack of understanding of implemented instruction and are below the level of proficiency at the Tier 2 instructional interventions level, must continue prescribed interventions. At this level of intervention, again one hour and thirty minutes of direct core instruction, and possibly an additional fifty minutes of intense instruction on targeted skills. Homogenous grouping of students in small unit is desirable. Progress monitoring is required and all the while the teacher is data bank to determine continued instruction, needs assessments, updating base-line data, student mastery, and other evaluative factors. After implementing each Tier 1 three weeks of intense interventions should follow. A new Tier is implemented after completing monitoring activities and evaluating the compiled data. Key to the success of the Response to Intervention Model is the consistent progress monitoring of the students responses to the various daily interventions. Also, due to the constant monitoring, early interception of redirecting the students’ lack of understanding, promotes the regular classroom interventions and deters the need for special education. In many cases, statistics reveal that students experience success and mastery of skills through the varied steps of RTI. According to Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium Standard Two, administrative leaders are responsible for establishing an atmosphere and organizational culture conducive for successful academic experiences for every child. The educational performances of our students are founded on the instructional effectiveness of a curriculum structured to strategically provide mastery through systematic, rigorous, and objective teaching. Tracking student progress through informed data is imperative to a teacher’s next step in the model. Throughout the intervention students are provided high quality instruction. Response to Intervention provides a prescriptive plan of success through intense engaged learning. The problem solving techniques and data driven instructional strategies, will provide opportunities of success. With targeted small group skills instruction as necessary for the struggling child, the experience of maximum achievement is inevitable.

Edgar Allen Poe Essay example -- Biography Biographies Poe Author Essa

Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was born at 33 Hollis Street, Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809. Poe’s parents were struggling actors. His father deserted him, and his mother died of tuberculosis when he was three years old. Young Edgar was taken in by a wealthy tobacco exporter by the name of John Allan, from whom he took his middle name. Most of his early life was lived in Richmond, Virginia, with the exception of a five-year period when the Allan family lived in England. His life in England was described as rather uneventful. Poe, even in his early years, had a proficiency for writing poetry. When he moved back to Virginia, Poe grew attached to young girl in his neighborhood named Sarah Royster. They frequently visited, where they sang songs and drew pictures. They were secretly engaged at the time, although their intentions were not made known to the adults of either household (Allen 9). His mid-life began when Poe entered the University of Virginia in 1926. He withdrew less than a year later. Initially, his grades were brilliant, but soon thereafter they began to deteriorate. It is reported that Poe gambled heavily and owed large sums of money to various shopkeepers (Benet 34). He also began drinking quite heavily. Mr. Allan refused to pay Poe’s debts. He also broke off Poe’s engagement to Sarah Royster. Without any visible means to support himself, Poe left for Boston. In the spring of 1827, he arrived penniless and enlisted in the army under the name of Edgar A. Perry. In 1829, he was promoted to the rank of sergeant major. At his own request, was honorably discharged in April of 1829 (Gullete 5). Temporarily reconciled, Mr. Allan secured Poe an appointment to West Point. But still refused financial support. After six months, Poe purposely got himself discharged from West Point, by purposely neglecting his military duties and for disobedience of orders (Encarta [CD-ROM]). Poe then moved to New York, and with the help of some money raised by his West Point friends, he published his first poems in 1831. Poe next took up residence in Baltimore, with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter, Virginia. He turned to fiction as a way to support himself. The Philadelphia Saturday Corrier published five of Poe’s stories. In 1883, one of his pieces won a fifty-dollar prize given by the Baltimore Sunday advisor (Regan 2,3). In 1... ...il in a story should contribute to the story. Words must not be wasted. Poe’s life was short. He died at the age of forty. He did not appear to waste a moment of his life. He moved from Boston, to Philadelphia, to New York, and to Richmond in the early 1800’s. He even spent five years in London, England. All of these experiences shape his odd life. All of his experiences in his lifetime, including the bad memories, reflected how he wrote his literature. The reader had to understand every aspect of his life to better understand his stories and poems. His writings have been teachings and inspirations for the authors today. Poe is one of the most famous authors in today’s world because of his odd tales, and his eerie life. Works Cited Abbey-Cormier. Magill’s Survey of American Literature New York Marshall Cavendish Corporation Benet, Laura. Young Edgar Allan Poe. New York Dodd, Mead and Company, 1966 Gullete, Alan. â€Å"In the Valley of the Shadow† http://www.creativnet.net/~alang/lit/horror/poebio.htm Microsoft Encarta. â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† http://owleyes.org.htm Regan, Robert. â€Å"Poe, Edgar Allan {poh}† 27 March 2000 http://baud.ubik.ac.at/sg/poe/Bio.html 14 December 2000

Can Sea Water Generate Usable Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

AbstractionAlternatively of following the conventional fuel oriented power coevals methods and dispersing its heat into environment, we evaporate saline H2O into steam and utilize its energy to bring forth power. Using this strategy would do sea H2O useable in power coevals which at the minute is merely being used for chilling intents in the power workss. The steam used for bring forthing electricity is finally collected, condensed and used for drinkable intents. The proposed strategy may be seen as Steam Power Generation with extra characteristic of desalinization. We set up an experimental trial bed in order to cipher the electric power available utilizing this strategy. To guarantee safety for human ingestion, we besides perform chemical trials on the desalinated H2O to see whether it is fit to be used for imbibing and agricultural intents. Our decisions are based on existent experiments and research lab trials ; processs outlined here may be used at larger graduated table for mor e in-depth analyses. We besides highlight future extensions and alterations in this work. Keywords: DC Shunt Generator, Desalination, Measurement, Power Generation, Thermal PlantsIntroductionMost of the Earth ‘s H2O is either belowground or in ocean. In both instances the high composing of different salts and minerals present in the H2O makes it useless for human public-service corporations. Merely 1 % of the Earth ‘s H2O exists in lakes, pools, or in any other soft H2O beginning, which is non sufficient for 1000000s of human existences. Human presently use 18 % of the accessible H2O every twelvemonth [ 1 ] . This calls for doing usage of other beginnings of H2O, for case sea H2O, which is available in copiousness. Before utilizing sea H2O, nevertheless, its salt content needs to be removed. The remotion of salt from sea H2O, called Desalination, occurs of course at ocean ‘s surface. The Sun evaporates saline H2O from the huge seas and oceans therefore giving rise to â€Å" Natural Desalination † [ 2 ] . These bluess occupy a cloudy construction w hich consequences in the purest signifier of H2O – â€Å" rain H2O † . Apart from natural desalinization, there are two thermic desalinization procedures used worldwide viz. â€Å" Multi Effect Desalination † ( MED ) and â€Å" Multi Stage Flash Distillation † ( MSF ) [ 3 ] . In both of the mentioned engineerings, saltwater is evaporated and so condensed to get fresh H2O, though the procedures involved are rather different in each of them. Pakistan is blessed with more than 1000km long seashore line [ 4 ] . Rational use of this H2O resource is polar for the upheaval of an agricultural state like Pakistan. Sea H2O, nevertheless, has built-in job of holding salts and other minerals which need to be removed before doing it useable for drinkable and agricultural intents. Not merely in agribusiness, H2O play an of import function in carry throughing the power demands of the state. Country relies significantly on Thermal Power Generation, which burns fuel to heat H2O in the boilers for bring forthing electricity. Karachi Electric Supply Corporation ( KESC ) has 1756MW installed capacity for Thermal Power Generation [ 5 ] . Despite holding a big reservoir of sea H2O, its application in both agribusiness and power sectors of the state is impossible without taking its inherently dissolved salts and minerals. Desalination, although can give important benefits, brings considerable environmental harm because of its terminal merchandises. Some conservationists have claimed that the residuary by-product after desalinization with high salt concentration is a large Marine pollutant when thrown back into the sea at high temperatures [ 6 ] . On the other manus, desalinization has obvious cost benefits. Desalination might go even more economically feasible if renewable energy is used to heat the sea H2O alternatively of firing coal, oil or other fuels. The thought of utilizing renewable energy for desalinization is already in pattern at Perth Desalination Plant, which is partly powered by air current energy [ 7 ] . In an effort to foreground the possibility of utilizing desalinated H2O for power coevals before condensation, in this paper introduces a strategy to desalt sea H2O by heating it in boilers and to utilize the kinetic energy of steam to bring forth electricity. The proposed thought will non merely do sea H2O useable for agricultural activities but will besides bring forth considerable sums of electric power, which we need most desperately during the on-going power crisis [ 8 ] . In this paper, we are peculiarly interested in measuring the sum of electricity which can be generated utilizing the proposed set up and its impact on the chemical belongingss of H2O. It is deserving adverting that we are interested in the alterations in H2O belongingss caused by heating the sea H2O ; we ignore the alterations brought approximately due to the hit of H2O with the turbine blades. Rest of the paper is organized as follows. Proposed conventional and experimental set up is detailed in subdivision 2. Power generated following the proposed strategy is evaluated in subdivision 3. Consequences from chemical trials done on the condensed H2O are given in subdivision 4 and decisions are drawn in subdivision 5. Mentions are given at the terminal of the paper followed by the appendix incorporating the chemical trial study on the condensed H2O.PROPOSED SCHEMATIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SET UPAs mentioned earlier, the thought being evaluated in this paper is to boil sea H2O to acquire rid of its salt contents and utilize the kinetic energy of the ensuing steam to bring forth electric power. It can be seen from the proposed set up shown in Figure 1 that salt H2O is heated in a boiler under decreased force per unit area. The salt contents are retained into the boiler and the generated dry steam is sent out to the reaction-type steam turbine. The steam loses its kinetic energy again st the turbine blades in the turbine doing the traveling blades to revolve. This turbine coupled with the generator acts as its premier mover and hence electricity becomes available at the generator terminuss. Upon hit with the turbine blades, dry steam becomes wet and is subsequently condensed in the capacitor. Our experimental set up has used low capacity boilers, turbines and capacitor in order to enforce that the power we generate would be the minimal available from the set up. Bigger devices can of class output better power end products when used commercially. The shaft diameter of the turbine was 2.6cm, while that of turbine was 16cm. The blade tallness was 3.8cm and the nozzle angle was 20o. These specifications are given in Table I. The electromotive force construct up equation for a DC Generator is given in equation ( 1 ) [ 9 ] , where, P is the figure of poles, Z is the figure of music directors, I ¦ is the flux per pole, N is the figure of rotary motions per minute and a is the figure of parallel waies and Vg is the mean electromotive force built in the generator. Table 1: Specifications of equipment used in the proposed apparatus Volume of boiler 5lit Turbine type Chemical reaction Turbine Turbine diameter 16cm Turbine shaft diameter 2.6cm Turbine blade tallness 3.8cm Nozzle angle 20o Generator DC Shunt Generator Picture1 Figures: Proposed apparatus for desalinization and power coevals aˆÂ ¦ ( 1 )AVAILABLE TERMINAL VOLTAGE FROM THE PROPOSED SET UPIn this subdivision, we report our observations recorded from the set up discussed in subdivision 2. As has been mentioned antecedently, our primary involvement is in measuring the power generated from this set up, which basically depends on the rotary motions per minute of the turbine caused by the steam. Our observations suggest that the extremum revolutions per minute reached utilizing this set up is around 700rpm while mean value remained to be about 450rpm. Following, we evaluate the electromotive force generated by 450rpm in a typical DC Generator. Note that similar computations can be made for a synchronal generator. These observations are recorded in Table 2. Table 2: Observations on revolutions per minute and end product terminal electromotive force from the proposed apparatus Peak revolutions per minute 700 Average revolutions per minute 450 Terminal Voltage ( peak revolutions per minute ) 441V Terminal Voltage ( avg revolutions per minute ) 283.5V Mechanical Power ( peak revolutions per minute ) 24W Mechanical Power ( avg revolutions per minute ) 6.5W Therefore, for a lap lesion ( a=p ) , 6 pole, 1260 music directors, DC generator holding flux per pole of 0.03web used in our set up will bring forth about 283.5V mean electromotive force ( at 450rpm ) and 441V ( at 700 revolutions per minute ) . It must be noted that the dimensions of setup used in our set up is significantly little and greater electromotive forces may be achieved utilizing larger fringe.WATER TestingIn this subdivision we conduct intense chemical trials on the H2O recovered from the capacitor which had been used to revolve the turbine blades. We conduct these trials to guarantee that condensed H2O is suited to be used for imbibing and agricultural intents. In peculiar, we are interested in observing whether boiling sea H2O in a individual phase boiler has removed all unsought dissolvers. We have performed laboratory trials at Postgraduate Environmental Lab at NED University of Engineering and Technology on H2O collected in the capacitor obtained from 3 separate exp eriments. We present some of the interesting findings in the undermentioned. We attach one of the studies ( as sample ) in the appendix at the terminal of the paper. We discuss the consequences of chemical trial done on the condensed H2O in the followers. Our parametric quantities of involvement are pH value, Total Dissolved Salt ( TDS ) , Electrical Conductivity and Entire Coli-form. Obtained consequences are tabulated in Table 3. Table 3: Chemical belongingss of H2O recovered from the proposed strategy pH 7.8 Entire Dissolved Salt 5870mg/L Electrical Conduction 10.72mS/cm Entire Coli-form 0 Harmonizing to our trials, the pH value of the condensed H2O increased from 7.6 to 7.8. Condensed H2O, hence, is more basic in nature and helps forestalling wellness jeopardies due to sourness within the human organic structure. It must be noted that the pH values within the scope specified by World Health Organization [ 10 ] . This H2O will act as ordinary pat H2O when used in agricultural activities in footings of pH and will non turn out effectual in killing sources [ 11 ] . Heating the sea H2O at high temperature in our strategy is shown to significantly cut down the TDS value. The condensed H2O has merely 33 % TDS [ 12 ] compared with the original sea H2O. To be precise, TDS was found to be 5870mg/L which is classified â€Å" brackish H2O † in literature [ 13 ] . Although the salt content has non been removed wholly but writers believe carry oning similar experiments on larger graduated table can give better benefits. The electrical conduction of the condensed H2O, as given in Table 3 is found to be 10.72 mS/cm. The existent trial study ( besides given in the appendix ) suggests that electrical conduction can be well decreased by following the strategy outlined here. The ascertained value of conduction is similar to that of Divide Lake in Minnesota, United States [ 14 ] . It is interesting to observe that the H2O collected from capacitor has zero entire coli-form, which makes it ideal for drinkable intents in footings of hygiene [ 15 ] .DecisionThis paper investigates the thought of heating sea H2O at high temperatures for desalting its unsought contents and bring forthing electricity before distilling the same. Detailed proposed set up for the said thought has been given and by experimentation evaluated. It was found that around 24W of mechanical power is available across turbine blades utilizing really little graduated table research lab equipment. In order to measure the chemical alterations on sea H2O due to inordinate warming and hit with turbine blades, research lab trials were conducted on the condensed H2O. Although the condensed H2O did non turn out to be useable straight for drinkable intents, larger scale versions of similar trials might turn out utile. Still, sufficient betterment in chemical belongingss of sea H2O was observed in the trials. The chief motive for this research comes from the fact that Pakistan is blessed with a big coastal belt, which can be put to utilize in legion ways. This paper highlights one of those utilizations.

Going Green to save the Environment Essay

Environment preservation has been of high concern by many environmentalists’, governments and other non-governmental organization. Due to the current situation of the environmental degradation, many campaigns by different organization have thus been put forward as a remedy to the effects of this problem. To curb this problem, different global attempts have thus been instituted to ensure a high concern to prevention of further degradation and limit the then effects born of this problem. Broadly, environment is the ecosystem in which man, animals and the plants survive in. For the health of the live on the earth, importance is attached to the influence of a health state of the environment. A polluted environment is harmful to man, the other animals and to the plants kingdom. Such comes from the indirect consequences that arise as a result of the harmful environment or directly through the health effects that poor environment has to the living things. In the ecosystem, living organisms interact with the environment in their pursuit of life in which case, they uses the environment to source for their daily requirements. If the environment is degraded, its maximum capacity to offer sustaining output to the living things in the ecosystem is destabilized, which results in the fatal effects of harm to these living things. However, the problem with such environmental degradation is rooted to human beings influence where man in the sole contributor to this problem. Through his daily activities in exploitation of the resources in the environment for his survival, man has continued to degrade the environment. (Wade, 2003) However, with the inset of the problem arising from this problem, man has embarked on the philosophy of ‘going green to save the environment’. This aspect entails the application of various attempts that brings one to being friendly to the environment as well saving money income in his operations. This has a double remedy the ones life, where one saves the environment using certain tools which are also economical in terms of money expenditure. (Beretz, 1999) Environmentalists and human activists have argued that man can only undertake to save the environment in an economical way through the various daily interactions with the environment at various levels. Such levels leading to going green to save the environment, would be captured at the people homestead, workplaces, use of recycling campaigns economy and optimality in peoples daily automobile system and proper concern on material and equipment storage. In such, various areas have been developed by the seventh generation in the realization of the roles that individuals can play at their personal level to save the environment in the cheapest means hence saving their income. The seventh generation is a group of human activists who have joined together to fight for the value of a clean environment. Their campaign is safety geared towards initiating environmental protection at the personal level. (www. seventhgen. com/making_difference/newsletter_article. php? article=404&issue=46) However, in understanding the concept, movers of this philosophy have to capture the diversity in the understanding of the term environment. Broadly, environment captures various sets of variable which will include pollution, demographic control, protection of the ozone layer, use of recycling to prevent pollution, use of environmental conservation methods, and aspects of global warming and endangering of some animal and plants kingdom. Perhaps, the greatest contribution has been by the government, international environmental laws on environment and other big organization of both national and international scales on environmental conservations. However, the contribution of these groups has perhaps been minimal, too costly and not optimal to addressing the issue. Research has showed that, despite the high campaign on environmental protection the problem continues to be a threat to the plant and animal ecosystem. With this challenge, the developers of the seventh generation movement work to remedy this problem through personalizing saving of the environment. The concept will basically involve the application of various conservation measures by the individual person which would be less involving in terms of time resources, effect to the external population and above all saving money. To an individual person, he will interact with various environments in his day to day live depending on different variables such as age, religion, occupation, gender, political orientation and personal social-cultural believes with the environment. In the different environments that individuals interact with, the concept of going green and save environment captures on how an individual person should relate with the immediate environment for its preservation but which would otherwise be of the most minimal cost. To the seventh generation activists’, man is involved in the use of some resources at his personal level which can be re-used once again and who’s un-optimal use leads to environmental pollution. Since such resource products are used by the individual, saving the environment would be fostered through recycling of materials. This would involve the re-use of the products for even other purposes and periods. Environmentalists argue differently on the consequences of recycling in relation to the economy as a whole. (Clay, 2001). In the broader sense of environmental conservation, recycling a product depends on the economies that may be got from such an activity. Firstly, if the product got from this activity is cheaper that that of a new product of the same nature, then recycling is an important tool as it will imply income saving. However, if the product got from the recycling is expensive than the purchase of a new commodity of equally the some nature, then recycling would be uneconomical and thus no need of doing such. To the individual level, the relevance of economies from recycling a product should guide him of whether to recycle the product or not. In one level, such an activity will only involve the particular individual. On the other hand, the activity will save him on income for purchase of other products. Sufficiently, the going green and save environment philosophy is captured at this point. Recycling will involve various resources products such as energy wear materials, use of recyclable products, keeping the air clean upon other activities for collecting rain water for household use and recycling plastic components such as bags that are not easy biodegradable. (Wagner, 2005) Through use of various household product recycling activities, an individual can save his income above saving the environment. At the homestead, individuals should recycle plastic bags, through using them time and again. Either, the use of easily biodegradable plastic containers and products for packing household waste is a measure. For ones physical outwear, clothe recycling is still a measure in which a person can wash a piece of cloth material for many times and still keep some few of them for his use. Some articles like paper towels as well as napkins should be made of recyclable paper material. In the physical decoration of the homestead with paint, brands of paints manufactured from some organic compounds which would be volatile and cheap as well having a lesser effect on environmental degradation should be used. At the personal level, cleaning compounds such as soaps and detergents have been a chief source of environment. ( Sivils, 2003). However, remedy to this would be personal manufacturing of his household cleaning products which can be done from various simple components which are cheaper and a highly environmental friendly. Other economies would be safety to the kids, the old people or pets who would be chemical sensitive hence affected by chemical cleaning materials. After a research carried recently rain water offers a fabulous health conditions to the individual. Rain water is normally healthier with fewer chemicals and therefore better for use by an individual. The opportunity cost of rain water is other sources which contains chemical compounds harmful to man. Either, such sources are normally costly and therefore uneconomical. For one to save income and be environmental friendly therefore, he should strategize to possibly have a collection of rain water. Such a method is cheaper and also safeguards the person against any health problem that may arise from use of treated water or water with various chemicals. An environmental friendly and cheap method can be on the deposition of individual food and organic leftovers, rather than trashing them to the dumping areas. In most the cities, environmental pollution has been as a result of food leftovers substances that are dumped in the dumping site by individuals. (Domoto, 1999) Intensity of such leftovers is environmentally unfriendly whose long run cost is perhaps too high both to the individual, community and the government. By using compost pits for your leftovers, it can alternatively be used as a source of organic manure for your field. Indeed, this method is cheap and ensures a high saving to the environment. ( www. seventhgen. com/making_difference/newsletter_article. php? article=404&issue=46) By and large, an environmentally friendly homestead is a key factor in concern to going green to save environment. The homestead is the living area of the individual. Therefore, it forms an environment which the individual person should work towards its upkeep. Broadly, diversified methods can be used to improve and maintain a good homestead environment at a cheap cost which is highly cost saving. Diversity in such household’s environment concerning issues varies from energy saving techniques and use of proper methods to conserve waste for household use. In various, studies household activities have been voted as a big contributor towards environmental pollution. Above this problem, such household activities are normally highly costing. Various household activities have led to external environment pollution which is harmful to the immediate individual in the application as well as the neighborhood as a whole. Perhaps the greatest household environmental pollutant is the energy system and activities used in the households. Various energy inputs such as cooking energy, lighting, water heating and laundry appliances have been a chief source of pollution. To avoid this, individual should use environmental friendly energy conservation methods that are also cheap. Some electrical systems and appliances are normally cheap and have less environmental pollution. Example, persons should aim to use fluorescent bulbs that are energy efficient. Home selection of such should vary with shapes, color hue match and room lighting. (Wagner, 2005) Many of these choices have been voted to use a scaled down amount of energy than the other versions. Other varied energy appliances in the homestead can highly help to save the environment above reducing costs of their use. The use of energy star appliances, reducing the homestead utility bill, use of wall warts which are adoptions used for drawing energy from homesteads walls and the use of other dormant appliances which do not use energy when off can highly help to save energy. Active home appliances should be left to home machinery which could only loose its memory when switched off. Household should use energy audit system to control the saving attributes at the homestead which help to save the individual income and the environment as a whole. Contributors of the seventh generation usually argue on the impact of energy as a major source of environmental pollution. Improper use of energy at home can be a chief source of high income expenditures and an environmental pollutant. At all levels, the going green to save environment at the homestead level will call for water saving measures. This will involve on the general methods in use of water at home and the water heating methods which should be through the use of solar heaters rather that electricity. In all such activities the individual incomes is saved as well as the environment. (Wade, 2003) As a whole, personal use of automobiles has been a detriment to environmental pollution. In big cities of the world’s most developed urban areas, exhaustion of fumes, extravagance consumptions of fuels and vehicle jams have highly contributed to environmental pollution. To the individual person, the going green and save environments involves use of car and gas saving instruments that calls for less pollution and lower transport cost. To the individual going green on cars involves economical car application tools which may not imply direct use of transports. Such measures may include public transport use, operating work at home, probably renting of a car, economical driving and the use of environmental friendly fuels in your cars. Such aspects by an individual works toward achieving the going green in conservation of environment as well as saving income. A persons equipment purchases are taken for storage at the stores. To the individual, the storage system of his purchases may highly lead to environmental pollution. The store system should involve methods that help to reduce pollution. Stores packaging, volume of purchases, conditions at the stores should be environmental friendly at a cheap source. (Clay, 2001) The dimension of going green to save the environment tries to capture the possible ways in which an individual at his personal level can work towards minimizing environmental pollution with the cost aspect being minimal. It seeks to draw environmental protections activities and campaigns have been moved from the government or other big organization and bringing it close to the individual level. This has been done after a close realization on the importance of the role played by individual in protecting the environment on economical base rather than use of the broader institutions at higher expenses. Reference: Beretz, C. (1999) Saving the Farm: Forum for Applied Researched Public Policy Vol. 14 Clay, R. (2001) Saving the Earth from Space: Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 109. Domoto, A. (1999) Saving the Environment Women at the Wheel: UN Chronicle Vol. 36. Seventh Generation (September 2007). The non-Toxic Times News letter. www. seventhgen. com/making_difference/newsletter_article. php? article=404&issue=46 Retrieved on September 29th 2003 Sivils, M. (2003) Rosendale Steven Ed. The Greening of Literary Scholarship: Literature, Theory an the Environment: Studies in American Fiction Vol. 31 Wade, M. (2003) Saving the Planet: Report Debunks Myth That African Americans Don’t Care about the Environment Black Enterprise Vol. 34 Wagner, C. (2005) Saving the Environment Saves Human Lives: Environmental protection Programs Could Reduce Impacts of Future Disasters: The Futurists, Vol. 39

Free Essays on WHO Tobacco Industry Regulation

Regulation could affect a range of key areas but isn’t it about time that the tobacco industry is finally regulated? There are several aspects of the tobacco industry included in Morgan Stanley Dean Witter's (MSDW) equity research, March 14 of 2001, on an industrial overview of tobacco stated in a report titled "Who Will Regulate Tobacco?" They believe that the World Health Organization (WHO) tobacco initiative has some important risks that investors will see as becoming increasingly high profile as the 2003 deadline approaches. First, WHO's aim and negotiation for Global Regulatory Authority by 2003 covers key issues such as advertising, promotion, packaging, excise tax, litigation, and health warnings. Second, WHO initiative represents one of the most serious new global regulatory threats to the tobacco industry, in their opinion. Third, WHO treaty will be legally binding, it's intended that the treaty will be passed into national law and compliance is enforced by natio nal governments. Fourth, tackling youth smoking provides some upside companies’ cooperation with WHO and positively addressing youth smoking could reduce political risk and therefore improve valuations, in their opinion. WHO wants and should be allowed to create a framework within which to become the global tobacco regulator, which MSDW sees as potentially one of the most important regulatory developments for several years. Global Regulatory Authority by 2003 is a global tobacco control treaty that is being negotiated by WHO. WHO is a specialized agency of the UN that has 3,800 fulltime experts working for a tobacco treaty. Tobacco is one of the highest profile issues currently being addressed by the organization. The WHO treaty covers key issues such as advertising, promotion, packaging, excise tax, litigation, and health warnings. Advertising, promotion, and sponsorship is likely to be restricted significantly under a WHO treaty. Annual tobacco indu... Free Essays on WHO Tobacco Industry Regulation Free Essays on WHO Tobacco Industry Regulation Regulation could affect a range of key areas but isn’t it about time that the tobacco industry is finally regulated? There are several aspects of the tobacco industry included in Morgan Stanley Dean Witter's (MSDW) equity research, March 14 of 2001, on an industrial overview of tobacco stated in a report titled "Who Will Regulate Tobacco?" They believe that the World Health Organization (WHO) tobacco initiative has some important risks that investors will see as becoming increasingly high profile as the 2003 deadline approaches. First, WHO's aim and negotiation for Global Regulatory Authority by 2003 covers key issues such as advertising, promotion, packaging, excise tax, litigation, and health warnings. Second, WHO initiative represents one of the most serious new global regulatory threats to the tobacco industry, in their opinion. Third, WHO treaty will be legally binding, it's intended that the treaty will be passed into national law and compliance is enforced by natio nal governments. Fourth, tackling youth smoking provides some upside companies’ cooperation with WHO and positively addressing youth smoking could reduce political risk and therefore improve valuations, in their opinion. WHO wants and should be allowed to create a framework within which to become the global tobacco regulator, which MSDW sees as potentially one of the most important regulatory developments for several years. Global Regulatory Authority by 2003 is a global tobacco control treaty that is being negotiated by WHO. WHO is a specialized agency of the UN that has 3,800 fulltime experts working for a tobacco treaty. Tobacco is one of the highest profile issues currently being addressed by the organization. The WHO treaty covers key issues such as advertising, promotion, packaging, excise tax, litigation, and health warnings. Advertising, promotion, and sponsorship is likely to be restricted significantly under a WHO treaty. Annual tobacco indu...

Best Guess on the Year ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Was Written

Best Guess on the Year ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Was Written Although there is no record of when Shakespeare actually wrote Romeo and Juliet, it was first performed in 1594 or 1595. It is likely that Shakespeare wrote the play shortly before its premiere performance. But while  Romeo and Juliet  is one of Shakespeares most famous plays, the storyline is not entirely his own. So, who wrote the original Romeo and Juliet and when?   Italian Origins The origins of Romeo and Juliet are convoluted, but many people trace it back to an old Italian tale based on the lives of two lovers who tragically died for each other in Verona, Italy in 1303. Some say the lovers, although not from the Capulet and Montague families, were real people.   While this may as well be true, there is no clear record of such a tragedy occurring in Verona in 1303. Tracing it back, the year seems to be proposed by the City of Verona Tourist Site, most likely in order to boost touristic appeal.   Capulet and Montague Families The Capulet and Montague families were most likely based on the Cappelletti and Montecchi families, which did exist in Italy during the 14th century. While the term family is used, Cappelletti and Montecchi were not the names of private families but rather local political bands. In modern terms, perhaps the word clan or faction is more accurate. The Montecchi was a merchant family that competed with other families for power and influence in Verona. But there is no record of a rivalry between them and the Cappelletti. Actually, the Cappelletti family was based in Cremona. Early Text Versions of Romeo and Juliet In 1476, the Italian poet, Masuccio Salernitano, wrote a story titled Mariotto e Gianozza. The story takes place in Siena and centers around two lovers who are secretly married against the wishes of their families and end up dying for each other due to a tragic miscommunication. In 1530, Luigi da Porta published Giulietta e Romeo,  which was based on Salernitanos story. Every aspect of the plot is the same. The only differences are that Porta changed the names of the lovers and the setting location, Verona rather than Siena. Also, Porta added the ball scene in the beginning, where Giulietta and Romeo meet and has Giuletta  commit suicide by stabbing herself with a dagger rather than wasting away like in Salernitanos version. English Translations Portas Italian story was translated in 1562 by Arthur Brooke, who published the English version under the title The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet. William Painter retold the story in prose in his 1567 publication, Palace of Pleasure. It is most likely that William Shakespeare read these English versions of the story and was thus inspired to pen Romeo and Juliet.

Trumans Decision regarding the Atomic Bombs Research Paper

Trumans Decision regarding the Atomic Bombs - Research Paper Example produced and finally in the early morning of July 16, 1945, the first successful testing of an Atomic bomb was conducted at the Trinity test site at Alamogordo, New Mexico. During this time, the allied forces had already captured Germany, but Japan continued to fight the war even with the clear indication of their little chance of winning. It was estimated that in the period between mid-April to mid-July in 1945 Japan displayed ferocity by killing massive number of allied forces. The Japanese government even rejected the proposal made in Potsdam Declaration that proposed the Japanese armed forces to surrender or else face â€Å"prompt and utter destruction† (The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Truman believed that the destruction caused by the Atomic bomb in the Japanese cities would place America in a formidable position amongst the other powerful nations of the world. Controversies President Truman experienced many dilemmas that influenced his decision to drop the Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Within two weeks of becoming president, he received a full report on the developmental process of the most expensive war material which stated it as â€Å"the most terrible weapon ever known in human history† (Hamby, 18). On 8th May 1945, after Germany surrendered, it was still necessary to defeat the Japanese. Truman’s decision was highly influenced by his past experience of being a combat artillery in the WWI. During that phase he developed a perspective of Japanese fanaticism, and also as American President he wanted to exhibit his diplomatic power by solving the existing difficulties with Soviet Union which was not yet at war with Japan. Many scholars in response to the utter calamity caused by the Atomic bombs professed that Truman deliberately killed and... Japan was always a losing side since the nation’s military power was in no way a match for the U.S. military power. Moreover, by August 1995 fatigue had set in and it was highly possible that the Japanese would surrender by the end of the year. Moreover, I feel the first Atomic bomb could be dropped anywhere near the harbor if the intention was only to scare the Japanese and force them to surrender. Also, I feel the Potsdam Declaration should have been modified, and instead of ordering the Japanese to surrender unconditionally they should have given the chance to say something. There is also the fact that the bomb was dropped on two cities which resulted in deaths of more civilians than soldiers. Finally, the major reason why I cannot support Truman’s decision is that many Japanese people are still suffering from diseases that occurred from the bomb’s radiation. On such grounds which include both political and moral issues, it was an unjustified act by President Truman.

Governance and policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Governance and policy - Essay Example r administration in the UK adopted what can be called â€Å"supply side† economics, the cornerstone of which was reducing the tax rates for corporates with a view to encouraging them to produce more. The contention of this author is that the credit crunch of 2008 represents stresses that have been building up ever since the 1980’s and these are the result of the brand of economics and policies followed in the US and UK from that time onwards. As I point out in subsequent sections, the changes in the banking sector because of macro and micro factors led to the financial system being unstable. The fact that there were several crises, notably the Northern Rock, the Savings and Loans scandal along with the periodic instability that led to the Asian financial crisis of 1997 did not make it easy for the regulators as well. The credit crunch can be blamed on a combination of factors that include bad regulation, excessive speculation and a tendency towards risk taking that went beyond the acceptable levels. This tendencies were building up throughout the period starting in the 1980’s and reached their apogee in 2007 when the bubble burst with the fall in the housing market and consequent contraction of the economy. What exacerbated the situation was the spike in Oil prices in 2008 which meant that people had lesser money to spare for repaying their mortgages as the oil price increase pinched the wallets of the consumers (Rubin, 2009). Atkinson and Elliott point out: The modern era has been characterized by slower growth in average real incomes, higher levels of debt to maintain living standards, greater job insecurity and financial crises that have become more frequent and more far reaching. The only class that has benefited unambiguously from this new world order is that of the gods of greed (Elliot and Atkinson, 2008). To explain this point further, what has essentially happened is that there was excessive speculation that came from availability of easy credit and

Entrepreneurship class; Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship class; Business Plan - Essay Example Management is also concerned to handle the financial resources in a proper and efficient way so that all the expenses of the business can be meet by the earned revenue and along with that company can earn sustainable percentage of profit in the business. Epiphany Junior is such kind of program which will provide innovative business ideas and try to bring out entrepreneur skill of individual person. Especially youth generation will be benefitted from this kind of program. This project is going to launch online course study which will help to develop the entrepreneurial behaviour of young generation by using chronological method. Creativeness and modernization are the main focus areas of this particular project. Again the project will help to develop individual quality, personality, knowledge, and attitude and management skill. The business owner of this project wants to expand this business outside Florida also. So he will target the other countries which are based in U.S. where such kind of online educational programs are in high demand. Basically the project is based on Florida. So the domestic market will be the main focus area to achieve maximum success and this success will help to achieve more market share in the other countrie s in U.S. Target customers of this project will not be only the young generation and children but also their parents who want to fulfil their children’s dream in a successful way. If the project can implement such kind of courses which can meet the demand and requirement of the targeted customers then only it will be successful to gain competitive advantages in the market. International online learning market is one of the largest and fastest growing markets in the world especially in U.S. It is forecasted that more significant growth can be observed in this particular market over the next three years. It is also estimated that the growth will increase more than 7 % over the next five years. This industry is in growth

Chocolate business plan Essay Example for Free

Chocolate business plan Essay Introduction The market leader of the chocolate industry in India, Cadbury, is a British subsidiary of the American multinational confectionary, food and beverages conglomerate â€Å"Mondelez International†. Cadbury, is the second largest confectionary company in the world, close on the heels of Mars, Inc. In India, Cadbury owns a market share of 66 %, significantly ahead of the other multinational company operating the same space for many years, Nestle India, as well as other national, international and regional brands like Amul and Ferrero. Cadbury India began its operations in India in 1948, and has been a trusted and favored brand for decades in India. The market share has decreased from 70-80% in view of entry of other international chocolate companies in the Indian market, however it is still significantly large. Cadbury figures in the Brand Trust Report, 2011 in the Top 100 Most Trusted Brands in India. While Cadbury sells products in several categories such as candy, gum, beverages and chocolate confectionary, this report is aimed at studying the marketing strategy employed by Cadbury India in view of its chocolate confectionary business. Some of the products in this category include the highly popular Dairy Milk, Dairy Milk Silk, Bournville, Temptations, 5 Star, Dairy Milk Shots, Celebrations, Perk and Toblerone. In order to analyze the marketing strategy for Cadbury, this report begins with a SWOT analysis of the company. Environmental Analysis Political Food Safety Act 2006: Detailed and exacting regulations, for standards of production as well as imported chocolates, exist in India. Opportunity. Cadbury is better equipped to follow standards in production than smaller regional or local brands. Strength. Expand into the rural areas before local or regional companies focus on the rural market. Import Tax Rates on Chocolates: A tariff rate of 30% is levied on chocolates. Opportunity. Strength. Demand for premium chocolates at affordable prices can be encashed before foreign entrants can grow their roots within the Indian industry by introducing and aggressively marketing domestically manufactured premium chocolates. Economic Per Capita Spending Patterns: The biggest consumption category in India is Food. Spending in this amounts to almost 21% of the Gross Domestic Production. People, on average, spend 31% of their budget monthly, on food. 70% of the food spending is on agri-products, which incorporates candies and confectionary including chocolates. Two-thirds of this spending is on processed products. Domestic spending on food is expected to grow at a compounded 3 annual growth rate of 4% and billed to reach approximately 320 billion US dollars in value within the next 7 years. USD 841 million is spent on chocolates and confectionary in India. Opportunity. In households across income groups, a large share of money spent goes towards processed agricultural products including chocolates and other confectionary items. This can be encashed by developing effective channels to reach out and sell to lower and lower middle income groups. Strength. Socio-Cultural Social and cultural acceptability of products: There is an increasing acceptance of chocolates as an equivalent of traditional sweets in urban areas. Chocolates are, however, still seen as a luxury food item in rural areas. Opportunity. Chocolates are increasingly being seen as an equivalent or substitute for traditional sweets in terms of the convenience it offers when used for gifting on occasions. Strength. Cadbury is already working on this approach to sell to urban consumers. Rural consumers can also be reached out to and offered chocolates as a new gift item replacing sweets leading to increased sales. Technological Constantly improving technology in chocolate making leads to better tasting products as well as more convenient storage. Opportunity. Strength. Cadbury has the financial capability to invest in RD and has already produced products that are better suited to Indian tastes and storage conditions that other foreign entrants into the industry are not yet as well adapted to. Natural factors. Climate for Cocoa Production: Cocoa, used to produce chocolates can only be grown in regions 15 degrees to the north or south of the equator. Cocoa, originally a crop native to the Amazon basin, can only be grown in the southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It is not a commonly grown crop. Threat. Lack or scarcity of domestic cocoa producers can affect production costs of chocolates within the country. Strength. Cadbury has encouraged farmers in Kerala to produce cocoa since the 1970s and is now in the process of promoting Cocoa as an inter-crop plant for coconut growing farmers. Successful pursuance of this connect with the farmers would help Cadbury procure raw material at lower prices within the country. Consumer behavior Age composition: 66% of the population is below the age of 35. Opportunity. It implies that a huge part of the population can be encouraged to take up consumption of chocolates more frequently and will be met with less resistance than that put up by older consumers with already set eating habits. Strength. 4 Competition Traditional Sweets: Very widely available and traditional choice, but inconsistent in hygiene levels and taste. Threat. Build on image of chocolates being a better and more hygienic choice, which adheres to food safety standards set out by the Govt. Build on image that chocolates are a more sophisticated choice for gifting carrying greater meaning than ‘mithai’ from neighbourhood sweet shops. Strength. Confectionary items like candies, cakes and icecream: Candies are easily available and appeal to children who have traditionally been the target consumers for chocolates. Threat. Cadbury can emphasize more strongly that chocolates are not meant only for children but for adults as well who may not prefer to eat candies. Cadbury chocolate can be offered as an experience, that is not replicated by eating candies and conectionary items. Strength. Entry of several foreign players: As India is seen to have a rapidly growing chocolate consuming country, with people willing to spend not only on inexpensive smaller packs of chocolates, but also premium chocolates as well, foreign players have started foraying into the market with the hope of establishing a presence in the premium sector at least. Threat. Cadbury can increase its foothold in the premium sector of chocolate industry by launching and promoting premium chocolate brands with higher cocoa content which could be priced a bit lower than the foreign brands. In fact, Cadbury is already in the process of implementing such a strategy through the introduction of Bournville and Toblerone. Strength. Suppliers Global network: Half of the cocoa sourced for chocolate making by Cadbury is from sources around the globe, including countries like Ghana, for its famous brand Bournville. Opportunity. Cadbury can source the majority of its cocoa from farmers in India through contract farming, while importing from foreign countries specifically for certain brands only. This will help reduce loss due to global fluctuations in cocoa bean prices and also reduce transport or shipment costs. It will also help create an even more positive image in the eyes of the Indian population. Strength. Dealer network: Cadbury has CSR activities directed at the farmers who are producing cocoa on contract for Cadbury in the state of Kerala. Opportunity. Cadbury is now in the process of extending these activities to farmers in 3 more southern Indian states. This will help cement positive relations between the cocoa growers and the brand, which may put it at an advantage when compared to new foreign entrants in the country like Ferrero or Mars, Inc. Strength. 5 Advertising environment Use of role models: Trustworthy role models in the media, when used as Brand Ambassadors, give a much needed push to the further acceptance of a product. Opportunity. Cadbury has been able to utilize this by roping in celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan, thus emphasizing the idea that even adults can have chocolates, since even a person of Amitabh Bachchan’s stature has not shied away from having them. Cadbury also has the financial power to rope in more high profile celebrities for the same. Strength. Availability of media and ad agencies: Several media channels like TV, Radio, newspapers are available for Cadbury to advertise on. Opportunity. Cadbury has been advertising its chocolates heavily throughout, to keep the brand on top of the mind recall. There have been innumerable ads by Cadbury that have long stayed on people’s minds and even evoked nostalgia, indicating a deep connect of the brand with the audience. Strength. Segmentation Cadbury segmented the consumer based on age. Till the 1980s, chocolates were seen as a luxury item which were eaten only on special occasions or used to reward children with. Despite being the market leader already at this time, Cadbury decided to reshuffle their marketing strategy and position chocolates as a snack and an everyday item of consumption rather than a special treat. In order to do this, the first step was to segment the consumers. Geographic or occupation based segmentation would have proven less relevant in helping raise revenues generated from chocolate sales. The segmentation was done on the basis of age. The existing segment of choice for Cadbury had been children up to the age of 14 who had been driving the consumption of chocolates until the 90s. The other segment that the consumers could be grouped into was the adult population. Targeting The decision made to target a segment is based on gauging the segment attractiveness of the segment. During the 90s, with a rise in the population of the 15-35 year olds, combined with a surge in income and spending power due to the simultaneous opening up of the economy, made the adult segment an attractive one and since then, it has been targeted by Cadbury. Being the market leader already, switching to this target consumer group was not a difficult move for them, in terms of channel attractiveness of the segment. The existing channels which served the consumers until the 90s, such as kirana stores, need no resource intensive special adaptations to serve the youth consumer group as well. Alongside this, competitive attractiveness of the youth segment was also high since no other chocolate company had targeted this consumer group so far. Although this meant 6 Cadbury needed to put in extra marketing effort to change the social acceptance of chocolates in this group, it also translated into a first mover advantage for them. Positioning Positioning is the decision of how the brand wants to be perceived as by the target consumer group vis-a-vis competitors. Cadbury has positioned itself to cater to specific needs and attributes that the target consumer group looks for. Cadbury’s objective was to engage the customers of the adult age group. In the early 90s, Cadbury had the leading share in the market but the volume of sales in terms of per capita consumption was very low compared to western countries. This was also because consumption of chocolate by children was strictly governed by adults and hence increasing per capita consumption within the children consumer group was not a feasible option. In order to widen the net of consumers, Cadbury had to increase the social acceptance of chocolates in the adults age group. This was done through the means of extensive and successively huge ad campaigns which eventually lowered the attitudinal barrier that existed. Cadbury had wanted to and has successfully moved from the perception of chocolate being a children’s product to a celebratory/gifting product, and more recently an indulgence product (For instance Cadbury Silk). In 1992, Cadbury launched a series of aggressive ad campaigns starting with ‘Real Taste of Life† which showcased adults eating the chocolates on their own and not in a parent role or buying it as a reward or a way to say sorry to loved ones. This included the famous ad â€Å"Kuch khaas hai zindagi mein† which showed adults enjoying the taste of chocolates on their own. Later on, Cadbury launched a campaign for Perk which said â€Å"Thodi si pet pooja† which emphasized the use of the chocolate as an any time snack to satisfy hunger, which was a marked shift from the earlier perception of chocolates. Later, to promote Cadbury chocolates as an alternative to traditional desserts, the â€Å"kuch meetha ho jaaye† campaign sought to change perceptions once again, this time including the entire family consisting of elderly grandparents also in the ad to show acceptance of the Cadbury chocolates as dessert. By tying chocolates to Indian customs, and festivals, like Celebrations especially for Raksha Bandhan and Diwali, Cadbury has come a long way from the â€Å"Real Taste of Life† campaign, and â€Å"Indianized† itself in order to entrench itself within the minds of the adult population in India. Marketing Mix – 4 Ps Product/Service Product There are four types of products by Cadbury India, and this report is focused on the Chocolates category. These aim to satisfy the hunger need as well as relaxation and convenience need (easily available snacking option). In order to satisfy these needs, the 7 product is available very easily, at least in the urban markets and in various sizes. Cadbury chocolates are branded so as to represent some emotional core values like family values, and togetherness, but at the same time, they are also branded as a fresh, satisfying, convenient product. Place Cadbury has 6 company-owned manufacturing facilities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thane Induri (Pune) Malanpur (Gwalior) Bangalore Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) Hyderabad There are 4 sales offices, one each in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The corporate office is in Mumbai. In terms of distribution, Cadbury chocolate products are sold directly to wholesalers and retailers. The network comprises roughly 2100 distributors and 4,50,000 retailers. The chocolates are sold through Kirana stores, gift stores, medical stores, canteens, paan shops, bakeries and so on. Price The generally established price point for chocolates in India is Rs 5 and Cadbury has 4 products at this point including Dairy milk, 5 star, gems and perk. This price point accounts for half of chocolate sales in India. At the same time, Cadbury sells multiple differently sized packs on a range of prices, going up to higher, premium priced products as well such as Bournville. In this way, Cadbury has a hold on various price points available to various groups of consumers based on their appetite for spending. Promotion Cadbury promotes its products through various media channels. It uses mainly television ads with strongly featured taglines that get associated with the products easily. There is some amount of seasonality in the market in the way that demand ideally goes up during festive season due to gifting needs and Cadbury launches special ad campaigns around those times to encash on this increased demand. National level competitors like Amul have been unable to match up to the scale of promotions undertaken by Cadbury. Regional players hardly advertise on a big scale through campaigns. However, its MNC competitor Nestle has its own promotional ads and campaigns that seek to rival Cadbury’s and sometimes directly challenge the Cadbury ads. 8 Recommendations 1. In view of the recent entry of foreign players in the market, though Cadbury does not face the threat of losing a significant amount of its existing customers, for instance, those who buy Dairy Milk or Perk, there is a possibility of losing out on potential customers who are interested in premium chocolates. Since this is a rapidly growing industry, and being the established market leader, Cadbury should focus on its premium chocolate brands in a big way through more visible ad campaigns and promote their products based on the brand equity they have built through the years. 2. While leveraging the lower cost of Cadbury premium chocolates vis-a-vis foreign chocolates, Cadbury must take care to ensure it does not go the Tata Nano way, as lower prices in the premium segment may be perceived as lower quality in the product delivered as well. 3. As it has already managed to successfully position chocolates as a snack for children’s as well as adults’ consumption, it can now focus on activating the elderly consumer segment which is typically more resistant to chocolates compared to traditional sweets and feel guilty on indulging in chocolates even if not restricted by health reasons. 4. Cadbury can now change the positioning of certain specific products or introduce new products to cater to â€Å"instant energy† giving needs similar to Mars bars abroad. 5. Recently, a 20-calorie chocolate has been developed in the UK which is now being sold at Michelin starred restaurants. Cadbury can also direct some of its RD endeavors towards developing a similar product which would give the company a distinct edge over competitors and help tap into a new markets and increase their consumer width. 9 NATIONAL BRAND 10 Introduction Amul is an Indian dairy Co-operative based out of Anand in Gujarat. The co-operative started off as the Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers Union in December 1946. The Co-operative was set up by the milk producers of the Kaira district of Gujarat who felt cheated by the unfair trade practices. The co-operative collected processed and marketed milk and was co-owned by the milk producing farmers of the district. The brand Amul was used by the Kaira District Co-operative to market its brand of milk products. By the 1970s the Co-operative model had become highly successful and spawned similar Co-operative in other district s of Gujarat. In order to combine together and expand their market while not competing with each other, the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF), an apex marketing body of these district co-operatives was set-up in 1973. The brand name of Amul which was held by the Kaira Union was transferred to GCCF. Today, the GCCF is the largest food product marketing organisation of India. The co-operatives collect around 10 million litres of milk per day from around 3 million milk producer members of the Co-operative. Its current turnover is around Rs. 140. 0 billion. Amul started producing and marketing chocolates in 1970. It currently markets 6 different chocolate brands namely Congtas, Fundoo, Chocozo, Bindaaz, Rejoice, Almond Bar, Fruits and Nut and Amul Cooking Chocolate. Current market share of Amul chocolates is just 4% as compared to market leader that is 66%. The main reason behind such low market share is lack of promotion and more focus on dairy products. Environmental Analysis Strengths ? ? ? Raw material (milk) security: Major raw materials for the production of chocolates are Cocoa, milk and sugar. Milk supply is secured for the company which protects it from any volatility in prices. High brand awareness: Amul through its concerted marketing over the last 5 decades has created a brand that is synonymous with good quality. The brand has also become a symbol of successful Indian entrepreneurship that has positively impacted the lives of millions of small farmers, hence there is a sense of patriotism and pride associated with the brand as well. Strong distribution network: Amul has been marketing and supplying milk through a pan India distribution network which supplies milk and milk products to independent retailers but also to its own milk parlours. 11 Weakness: ? ? ? Low market share: Amul chocolates have a low market share in the Indian chocolate industry. The brand, though having a strong recall value, is not primarily associated with chocolates. The market leader in the chocolate industry in India is Cadbury with 70% market share followed by Nestle at 20% market share. Co-operative structure of Amul: Due to the Co-operative nature of GCMMF, there is limited capital infusion in the company. As a result there is a limited scope for aggressive product launches or diversification. Volatility in Cocoa prices: Unlike the major chocolate producing companies in the world, Amul does not own a cocoa plantation. The prices of cocoa are volatile in nature as they are dependent on the international demand supply dynamics. Not having a cocoa plantation of its own exposed the company to volatility in prices of this raw material. Opportunities: ? Huge untapped market: The per capita consumption of chocolate in India has increase from 40 gm per person in 2005 to around 110 gm per person currently. Though this is impressive growth in itself it is still much lower than the per capita chocolate consumption, in countries like Ireland or Belgium which have a chocolate consumption per person of more than 11 kilograms or even USA or Australia which have chocolate consumption per person of around 5 kilograms. There is thus a huge untapped market for growth in the chocolate industry in India. Corresponding Strength: Since Amul has a strong â€Å"Brand awareness†, people would be willing to buy new products launched under its brand name. Amul can launcha variety of new chocolate products for youth and kids. ? Gifting: Gift hampers consisting of chocolates has been a successful marketing strategy by companies like Cadbury. Amul too has the ‘Rejoice’ brand especially for this purpose however there is scope to launch or aggressively advertise this. Corresponding Strength: Since, Amul is a strong brand name and has a strong distribution network, It can very well advertise the gift packs like rejoice and can introduce new brands catering to the same need. ? Advertising: Amul need to advertise and carry out lot of promotional activities to inform the consumers that still exist and can provide them with what they want. It’s been years that Amul’s chocolate advertisement has been telecasted on India’s major television channels. Sales promotions like discounts and free samples can also help them to increase the Brand awareness and attract customers to switch brand from competitors. Big brands use a celebrity as a Brand Ambassador for its product. 12 For example Amitabh Bachchan for Cadbury Rani Mukherjee for Nestle, Amul can also use a brand ambassador for the promotion of its chocolates. Corresponding Strength: Amul has a huge turnover of around Rs 140 billion and is a financially strong company and has enough funds to carry out the needed advertising campaign and promotions. By spending a small percentage of revenue on advertising campaigns Amul can increase its market share to a large extent. ? Low rural penetration of chocolates: There is significant awareness of the Amul brand even in rural India. The company can leverage these launch cheaper brands targeted at the rural segment which has till now stayed away from chocolate consumption. Corresponding Strength: Amul has been marketing and supplying milk through a pan India distribution network. It has a strong distribution network in rural areas. Amul can leverage this strength and can launch cheaper products in rural market. Threats: ? Strong competition from foreign multi nationals: There is significant potential in the Indian chocolate industry which has been attracting international competition. Companies like Cadbury have been launching premium swiss chocolate brands. Also other premium chocolate brands like Ferrero Rocher are making their presence felt in India. Corresponding Weakness: Since â€Å"Amul† is mostly related to its milk products and has not made its presence felt strongly in the chocolate industry, its still far behind its competitors like Cadburys which is a very aggressive player in the chocolate industry. Amul faces tough competition and to handle the same it needs enormous marketing and advertising campaign and introduction of new chocolate products under its brand name. ? Low brand loyalty in chocolate industry: Chocolates are impulse purchases and compete with categories of soft drinks, snacks and other beverages. Although people may like a particular type of chocolate (dark, milk, white, etc. ) there is not a significant brand loyalty. Hence this presents a threat to established players in the market. Corresponding Weakness: Since Amul has significantly low popularity in chocolate industry and also people are picky while selecting a chocolate, there is not a single chocolate brand product under its brand which enjoys strong loyalty from consumer side. Also, people like to try different kinds of chocolates and are not necessarily inclined towards a single chocolate product. Since, Amul does not offer a large variety of chocolates; therefore it is at a weaker position in the chocolate industry. 13 Segmentation Geographic segmentation: Chocolate consumption is concentrated in urban areas of the country. Chocolate consumption in rural areas of the country may be considered negligible. Chocolates are still considered as a luxury product by the population and are hence consumed by the middle and the upper classes of society which reside in the towns, cities and metropolitan centres of the country. Amul chocolates are thus marketed in these areas of the country. Demographic segmentation: Amul chocolates are mostly segmented its consumers into various age groups like the children, adolescent and youth segments of the society. Since, chocolates are particularly liked by children and middle aged and older generations refrain from eating it citing health concerns due to high sugar content of chocolates. Targeting The brands of Amul chocolates like Fundooz, Bindaaz, Congrats etc. have been named to be attractive to the younger generation who use these words in their daily lexicon. There has been a strategy by the company to provide a young, dynamic and fun loving character to its chocolate through such branding. Amul chocolates also markets two brand namely Amul Cooking Chocolate which is targeted towards the homemakers and professional cooks and chefs. Positioning Positioning is the decision of how the brand wants to be perceived as by the target consumer group vis-a-vis competitors. Amul has positioned itself as an affordable, â€Å"value for money† chocolate. Since, it has mostly targeted kids and youth, it is still considered as a snack unlike cadbury’s product like Celebrations which is considered as gifting option. Amul has not positioned itself as an alternative to sweets or has not developed its product to actually cater to an emotional need. It is simply a chocolate available at a lower price. Marketing Mix. Product Amul has a very low range of products in its chocolate business. There are only 8 chocolate brands that Amul offers as of now in the market and these are Congrats, Fundoo, Chocozo, 14 Bindaaz, Rejoice, Almond Bar, Fruits and Nut and Amul Cooking Chocolate. The problem is that there is no clear differentiation between the products that it offers. For example Cadburys is catering to a different need corresponding to its individual Chocolate product. ? ? ? ? ? Product Dairy Milk Dairy Milk Shots Bournville 5 Star Perk Need Milk Chocolate (Basic taste and style). Small balls of chocolate (Circular unlike chocolate bars) Dark Chocolate Sweeter in taste with honey as an ingredient Crispier with wafer inside However, Amul completely ignores such kind of differentiation between its products and hence their product can be easily substituted by their own products apart from the competitor’s product. Another important factor is packaging because majority of the consumers is kids and youngsters who like attractive packaging. Most kids buy chocolates not just because they like chocolates but also because of the attractive wrappers. Packaging used by Amul stands low on appearance parameter. Also, it lacks a common theme or â€Å"top of the mind† recall point. For example, Cadburys is strongly associated with blue wrapper and more than brown it’s the colour blue that we associate with a chocolate. As compared to this, Amul’s packaging is weak and lacks lustre. Amul needs to make changes to its product (chocolates) like introduction of more flavours and attractive packaging because the wrappers Amul uses is not at all attractive compared to those used by Cadbury and Nestle. This would keep them in competition with competitors like Cadbury and Nestle. 15 Pricing Second P of marketing that is Price is often confused with blindly lowering the prices of different products and completely relying on this strategy to increase sales. However it is of extreme importance to divide the target group on the basis of their price sensitivity and purchase power. Every customer segment has different price expectation from the product. To maximize the returns, it is important to identify the right price level for each segment and then progressively moving through them. Amul has launched various chocolate products to cater to different segments of population. Pricing must take into account the competitive and legal environment of the industry. Majority of people in India live in villages and have low disposable income. With such a heavy competition in the chocolate market, Price plays a very important role. Amul pricing strategy has been â€Å"Value for Money†. Amul’s believes in giving value for money to its customers and it has always followed that principle. Its products are of high quality and available at affordable prices. For example, Cadbury’s â€Å"Fruit n Nut† is priced at Rs 35 per 42 gm pouch whereas Amul’s Fruit and Nut is sold at just Rs 25 per 40 gm. Amul offers same quality at a price 30% lower than its competitor. Amul has not launched any premium (high price) product in its chocolate business. Place Place in marketing is considered as the channels of distribution through which products move from the manufacturer to the consumers. The channels of distribution mean intermediaries or middlemen who act as a link between the manufacturer and the consumers. Factors that need to be considered when choosing the place are the characteristics of the product, characteristics of the buyers, control and competitors channels. Since chocolate is an edible product, Amul should adopt an intensive distribution strategy wherein they will manufacture products and make it available at various shopping malls, food joints, local stores, Chocolate parlours etc. Corresponding to its strong distribution channels, Amul currently has very low visibility. It needs to increase the visibility through offering discount to retailers along with buybacks to convince them to store the Amul Chocolates. Since Amul is a â€Å"value for money† brand it can be placed anywhere from small kirana shops to big malls. Amul has a big brand name because of its dairy products. They can easily use it to increase the awareness of its chocolates using various distribution channels. 16 Promotion Promotion refers to exchange of information between an organization and the consumer of its products. Consumers here include Customers, shareholders, employees, government and other parties related to the products like trade union and media. The aim of promotion is to inform the consumers, differentiate from other products and to persuade them to buy. There are many techniques of promotion like Advertising, Sales promotions, Direct Marketing Personal selling. Amul has been criticised for lack of promotion. Amul has a strong brand name because of its dairy product leadership. Amul must advertise its chocolates using media like newspaper, television and internet to inform the public about the quality the price of its product. Amul has totally shifted its focus from chocolates towards milk and other milk products and have totally ignored chocolates. Using the mediums like Television and newspaper the company needs to remind the public that they are back with improved products at an affordable price. 17 Recommendations 1. Amul needs to introduce new varieties of chocolates and improve its existing ones. 2. They should introduce milk chocolates like Nestle’s Milky Bar, Chocolates with fruits and nuts like Cadbury has its Fruit and Nuts, Mint chocolates like Nestle’s After Eight etc.